Dissertation Completion Fellowships. Dissertation completion fellowships can be broadly categorized into on games and sports the following types: interdisciplinary, thematic, discipline-based, residential, and teaching. Below is case study a sample list of fellowships that Notre Dame students have applied for – this list is by expository and sports no means exhaustive of the opportunities available. Thesis Outline! Students are encouraged to essay check Pivot for more opportunities related to their research and eligibility. These fellowship competitions are open to students in a wide variety of academic fields. Open to students in any discipline, including international students, who are. currently enrolled in a university or college located within the United States. Mellon/ ACLS Dissertation Fellowship. Supports a year of argument thesis outline research and essay on games and sports writing to help advanced graduate students in. the humanities and related social sciences. Open to U.S. women in all fields of study. Ford Foundation Dissertation Fellowship. For U.S. students who are well prepared to use diversity as a resource for enriching the education. of all students. These fellowships are available to students whose work touches on a particular topic, theme, or area. Spencer Foundation Dissertation Fellowship. Supports individuals whose dissertations show potential for bringing fresh and constructive. perspectives to the history, theory, or practice of formal or informal education anywhere in the. Charlotte W. Newcombe Doctoral Dissertation Fellowships. These fellowships support students in the final stages of sur l'europe pendant la guerre doctoral study whose work offers. significant potential for advancing academic scholarship related to expository essay and sports ethics and/or religion. Harry Frank Guggenheim Dissertation Fellowship. Funds dissertation research regarding questions that interest the foundation, including violence. and aggression in relation to social change, intergroup conflict, war, terrorism, crime, and family. relationships, among other subjects. Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar Dissertation Scholarship. Awards nonresidential Peace Scholar Dissertation Scholarships to in the great students at U.S. universities. who are writing doctoral dissertations on expository essay on games and sports topics related to peace, conflict, and international. Joseph L. Fisher Doctoral Fellowship. RFF will award fellowships for the coming academic year in support of doctoral. dissertation research on issues related to the environment, natural resources, or. energy. RFF’s primary research disciplines are economics and other social sciences. Proposals originating in these fields will have the for a essay, greatest likelihood of essay on games success. Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations Dissertation Fellowship. Applicants should be working on a topic in the field of thesis outline U.S. foreign relations history. or international history, broadly defined, and expository on games and sports must be current members of SHAFR . ACLS Dissertation Fellowships in East European Studies. Applications should be for for a essay work on Eastern Europe: Albania, Bosnia and. Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Kosovo/a, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and. Slovenia. Applicants may propose comparative work considering more than one. country of Eastern Europe or relating East European societies of those of other. parts of the world. These fellowships are available only to students in a particular field. The Lake Institute on Faith and Giving Dissertation Fellowship. Given to a scholar whose primary research focus is in on games the area of religion and thesis philanthropy or faith and giving. Louisville Institute’s Dissertation Fellowship. For students engaged in research pertaining to expository and sports North American Christianity, especially projects related to Christian faith and life, religious institutions, and. Supports an case advanced graduate student who is writing a Ph.D. dissertation in any. relevant discipline dealing with late-medieval Britain (ca. 1350-1500). Fellows in this category take up residence at a particular university, academy, institute etc. for the award year. Offers residential fellowships in three areas of study: Byzantine Studies (including related aspects of. late Roman, early Christian, Western medieval, Slavic, and expository on games Near Eastern studies), Pre-Columbian. Studies (of Mexico, Central America, and poems books Andean South America), and Garden and Landscape Studies. School for on games and sports Advanced Research Weatherhead Fellowship. For Ph.D. Case Study! candidates or scholars with doctorates whose work is either humanistic or social scientific in. Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies Academy Scholars. Supports outstanding scholars at the start of expository essay and sports their careers whose work combines disciplinary. excellence in the social sciences (including history and dissertation sur l'europe pendant froide law) with a command of the essay, language, history, or culture of non-Western countries or regions. McNeil Center for Early American Studies Dissertation Program. Open to scholars in any discipline for projects focusing on North America and. the Caribbean before 1850. Chavez/Eastman/Marshall Dissertation Fellowships. Supports completion of the doctorate by underrepresented minority scholars. (including African-American, Latina/o, and Native American scholars) and. other graduate scholars with a demonstrated commitment and ability to. advance educational diversity. These fellowships are designed to give students teaching experience while completing the dissertation. Supports scholars from under-represented groups and/or scholars with unique interests and. histories whose engagement in the Academy will enrich scholarship and teaching. Marilyn Yarbrough Dissertation Fellowship, Kenyon College. For young scholars who are members of underrepresented groups. Gaius Charles Bolin Dissertation Fellowships, Williams College. For applicants from underrepresented groups, including ethnic minorities, those who are first- generation college graduates, women in applying college essay predominantly male fields, or disabled scholars. Consortium for Faculty Diversity in Liberal Arts Colleges. For U.S. citizens who are members of under-represented minority groups and expository and sports considering. faculty employment in liberal arts colleges. The University of Notre Dame has a number of fellowships which can be used for a final year: Strategies for crafting a dissertation fellowship proposal. Your argument for being awarded a fellowship should address the death in the, following claims: What is the scholarly intervention ? What is the on games, broader application ? I am uniquely qualified to argument complete this project. What is your background and preparation? What related research/qualifications do you have? I will complete my dissertation by the end of the grant year. What is your timeline from application to completion? How can you give evidence of essay and sports your work ethic ? My post-PhD trajectory will bring prestige to the granting institution. How do you plan to publication/disseminate your research? What are your career plans ? Consider the following issues related to each particular kind of death essay fellowship: Readers are likely outside your field Teach them about your area. Reader receive many applications in similar areas How does your work stick out? Why do you need to be there? Why not stay at Notre Dame? Why teach when you could be service free? Demonstrate you can handle the work load. Analyzing Models to Improve Your Proposal. One of the best ways to improve your own work is to better understand the components of a successful proposal. Below are some questions that can guide your analysis: How does the statement begin? What is the expository on games, organizing structure of the essay? Chronological, methodological, thematic, narrative, etc.? What kinds of sections is the sur l'europe la guerre, statement divided into? How does the author handle transitions between sections or paragraphs? How does the statement end? What information does the author assume the reader already has? How does the author contextualize their research? How does the author establish their qualifications? How specific are the details of the expository essay, proposed project? How does the poems books, author convey their work timeline? How does the author link the project to future goals? Is the presentation objective or personal? Does the author display a sense of essay and sports conviction, or “hedge” claims? Does the author employ figurative language or more transparent, direct language? How is technical language employed? Does the author assume the reader’s knowledge of key terminology? How complex is the sentence structure? The Office of Grants and Fellowships maintains an archive of study strengths successful fellowship applications. Expository! Please contact the Office of outline Grants and Fellowships at expository essay on games, gradgrants@nd.edu if you are interested in seeing any recent winning proposals. The Graduate School 502 Main Building , Notre Dame , IN 46556.

The growth of the world’s population is expository and sports a problem that many people see as. being addressed at some point in the future. While we live in argument, a country that is. reaping the benefits of a superpower, most of the United States is disconnected. from the problems of population growth. In this paper, I intend to address three. major issues. How long will we be able to support our planets food needs? How. can we deal with population growth in the present day? And How come certain. areas tend to have larger population growth than other areas? But first in this. paper, I will see how the essay theories of sociologists and demographers fit into the. Earth’s population problem. Essay Literature Review? THEORIES MARX 1818-1883 Karl Marx viewed a. capitalist society as an economic system that was bound to fail. Expository And Sports? In Marx’s. opinion this eminent failure was based in argument outline, the design of the system. On Games And Sports? According to. Marx, In the capitalist economy there are two major groups; the bourgeoisie and. the proletariat. Poems Books? The bourgeoisie are those who own the essay on games means of production, have. the power. The proletariat are those that work for the bourgeoisie and are at. their mercy. At the argument thesis outline economy develops, the gap between the essay on games bourgeoisie and argument, the. proletariat grows wider and on games, eventually all the capital is controlled by a small. percentage of the population and the proletariat is forced into poverty. To. someone with little or no sociological background, the above paragraph has. nothing to poems books, do with population as a social problem. But if you fit population. into Marx’s description of the essay and sports capitalist system, it is more relevant than at. first glance. The best way to make this point clear is to provide two. hypothetical situations. Family X is a middle class family that is doing well. financially and they tend to thesis, have more children than if they are not making so. much money. But as the bourgeoisie gains more and more control, families like X. have their income driven down and ultimately have fewer children. Essay And Sports? Families must. have enough money, food, etc. to survive. If they don’t have these goods and. they can’t control their wages, they must control they must control an aspect. of their lives that would allow them to survive, whether or not to have. children. Family Z is an extremely wealthy family that more or less monopolizes. an aspect of their economy. As the economy progresses, family Z is able to drive. down the applying for a college essay wages of their workers thereby increasing their profit. Since a family. like Z is only a small percent of the population, there is expository on games no worry whether or. not they have many children. So in case study strengths, our society, according to essay and sports, Marx, we have. nothing to worry about. Death Great Essay? As long as we continue with our economic trend, population will fix itself. Now if you look at Marx’s theory on essay and sports, the whole, it. makes a lot of sense. Death In The Gatsby? MALTHUS 1766-1834 Malthus was a sociologist that was the. author of Population: the first essay. This essay is about the perfection of. mankind. Malthus describes the different stages that man has gone through and he. provides theory to control population. Malthus was sure that we can control. population if we are able to use moral restraint. Expository On Games? If we can fight against our. natural urges to have children, it will keep population growth in outline, check. One of. the reasons that we have to control our natural urges is that there will not be. enough food to support our population. Essay On Games And Sports? Maltus feels this way because population. grows at poems books, a geometric rate, while food can only essay on games be grown at an arithmetic rate. So we are in effect sealing our own fate by having children. Malthus says that. by thinking about all of the essay review hardships that our children will have to face, we. will be motivated not to have them. So while Marz’s theory more or less. happens on it’s own, if we are to expository essay and sports, listen to Malthus some work is to needed by. us. Applying For A College? WELD Weld is a contemporary Canadian sociologist that deals with population. problems from an aspect that can be more easily understood by people of our. time. In one article “Confronting the Population Crisis the twenty one most. commonly used arguments to and sports, confound the literature issue.” In this article, Weld is able. to respond to those that don’t view population as a social problem. Although I. would like to essay and sports, go into each of Weld’s responses, this is not a paper on her, so. I will only choose a few. Her response to argument 2 is probably the most. interesting. The argument is “Technology can make it possible to accommodate. an indefinitely expanding population.” and Weld’s response is a valid one. Weld explains that when Paul Ehrlich wrote “The Population Bomb” about. thirty years ago, there were about one billion people living at a level above. poverty and that there were about 2.5 billion people living in thesis outline, poverty. But now, after some great technological advances there are only expository and sports 1.2 billion people that. are living above poverty and 4.1 billion people living in poems books, poverty. Weld opens. her response to the argument with the following sentence that sums up this. issue, “Those who have the greatest hopes for technology are those who. understand it least.” I never really though about that aspect, but Weld really. gave me a new perspective on the issue of technology. Argument 6 is on games another. great response by Weld. The argument is, “Those who express concern about. global population are racist” I think that many people feel this way about. efforts to control the world’s population. Perhaps people are scared of literature review, this. issue because that they fear a eugenics campaign. But Weld makes a great point. in her response, she says that about expository and sports 95% of global population growth occurs. among non-white people. But Weld says that many people shy away from this issue. because they fear being labeled as a racist. She says that those who are. population deniers, blame other factors than population for third world misery. Weld raises many points that I was able to really look at in a few different. ways. Weld goes into detail on all twenty-one arguments and explains almost. every aspect of population problems in death in the great essay, her responses. The article was very. helpful for this paper. MEADOWS Meadows is the author of expository on games, a book called “Beyond. the Limits”, which talks about the future of death in the gatsby essay, our planet in expository essay on games, respect to such. things as pollution, oil production, life expectancy, etc. Meadows provides. several scenarios of what can happen to the Earth if the current trends. continue, and they are not good. Here is an example of one of essay review, Meadows scenario. in graph form: In Meadows’ eyes, we as a planet have some bleak times in expository essay, front. of us if we don’t change our ways soon. ISSUE 1 HOW LONG CAN WE SUPPORT THE. PLANET’S FOOD NEEDS? Ecologists at applying for a, Cornell University have come up with some. very interesting findings on this issue. They say that the Earth’s optimum. population would be anything less than 2 billion people (200 million in the US). With the projections of the world population breaking 12 billion in expository, 50 years, that is pretty scary. Poems Books? They say that if people cannot control the world’s. population, it will be done through starvation and disease. One of the trends. that they looked at for this information was the declining productivity of. cropland and on games and sports, the availability of clean drinking water. The ecologists say that. some of the effects can already be seen in China today. (Pimentel 1) I think. that we as a society have gotten to the point where numbers don’t scare us any. more. Outline? The above paragraph said that in essay on games and sports, 50 years, the world population is argument thesis outline going. to be over 12 billion people. Are we really aware of how much this is? The. United States Census bureau has a population counter that they call the POPClock, it calculates the world population and expository essay on games and sports, gives monthly estimations on literature, them. On. April 1, 1999 the world population was 5,976,870,741 (U.S. Census Bureau). So in. fifty years, when today’s college students are old and gray, the on games and sports world’s. population will have doubled. I don’t think that people understand that the. Earth is finite. There is essay literature review only so much land to live on and to farm and there is. only so far that you can drill for natural resources before coming up empty. ISSUE 2 HOW CAN WE DEAL WITH POPULATION GROWTH IN THE PRESENT DAY? I think that. when we look at population today, you have to remember that drastic measures. won’t work. We should make subtle changes, which don’t resemble eugenics. campaign that may start to change the momentum of population growth. Here is a. list of possible changes in the United States; 1) Take away tax write-offs for. having children. 2) Raise life and health insurance rates for people with. children. 3) Give tax breaks to expository essay on games and sports, people without children. 4) Raise child support. for divorced parents It would be great for the United States to slow its. population growth but we can do little or nothing about other countries where. much of the thesis population growth is going on. So even if a superpower can change. their ways, no one can tell poor countries what to do. Essay On Games? ISSUE 3 HOW COME CERTAIN. ARES HAVE GREATER POPULATION GROWTH THAN OTHERS DO? If you look at the. population break down in the world, you will see that there are some areas that. grow much faster than others. An interesting aspect to look at is the time. estimated for a country’s population to double. It will take the United States. 116 years to double their population, Japan will take 330 years to double, and. the United Kingdom will take 433 years to double. When I saw these numbers, I. thought that population wasn’t much of a problem. Case Study Strengths? But if you look at. country’s doubling time, you see a different story. For example, it will take. El Salvador only 28 years, Somalia is 22, and expository essay and sports, Pakistan is 25. These are poor. counties that have population growing faster than the rest of the world. With. the population growing as fast as they are, the farmland and clean drinking. water are going to essay, become scarce. Plus in countries like those mentioned, children may be seen as a sign of status, and expository on games and sports, they are definitely cheap labor. Also, families may have many children with the hope that one of the children. will “make it” in the world. I don’t really know how to essay, treat the people. of other countries. But there must be a tremendous change in the standard of. living in these countries and their population growth doesn’t slow, migration. into countries like the United States will increase. So we must not sit back and. only worry about ourselves, and expository on games and sports, there must be some change. Dissertation Pendant La Guerre? CONCLUSION The. world’s population should be viewed as a bigger problem than it is. The grim. fact remains that we may already be too late to save a lot of misery to. Earth’s inhabited. If I had to choose a particular theory that best describes. my view, it would be Karl Marx’s theory. I think that money is a very powerful. thing and expository essay on games, I think that in the end, greed will seal our fate. Help other users to find the good and worthy free term papers and trash the bad ones. Free papers will not meet the guidelines of in the great essay, your specific project. If you need a custom essay on Geography: , we can write you a high quality authentic essay. While free essays can be traced by Turnitin (plagiarism detection program), our custom written papers will pass any plagiarism test, guaranteed. Our writing service will save you time and grade.

shooting an elephant essay tone

George Orwell confronted an Asian elephant like this one in the story recounted for this lesson plan. Credit: Image courtesy of American Memory at the Library of Congress. Eric A. Blair, better known by his pen name, George Orwell, is today best known for his last two novels, the anti-totalitarian works Animal Farm and 1984 . He was also an accomplished and experienced essayist, writing on topics as diverse as anti-Semitism in on games and sports, England, Rudyard Kipling, Salvador Dali, and nationalism. Death Gatsby Essay! Among his most powerful essays is the expository essay 1931 autobiographical essay "Shooting an Elephant," which Orwell based on his experience as a police officer in colonial Burma. This lesson plan is great essay, designed to expository and sports, help students read Orwell's essay both as a work of literature and as a window into the historical context about essay literature review which it was written. This lesson plan may be used in both the History and Social Studies classroom and the Literature and Language Arts classroom. How does Orwell use literary tools such as symbolism, metaphor, irony and connotation to convey his main point, and expository essay and sports, what is literature, that point? What is Orwell's argument or message, and what persuasive tools does he use to make it? At the end of this lesson students will be able to. Situate Orwell's essay within its appropriate cultural and historical context Distill and articulate the main points of this essay Discuss Orwell's use persuasive tools such as symbolism, metaphor and irony in this essay, and explain how he uses each of these tools to convey his argument or message. The essay "Shooting an Elephant" is expository and sports, set in a town in southern Burma during the colonial period. Case Study Strengths! The country that is on games and sports, today Burma (Myanmar) was, during the time of Orwell's experiences in the colony, a province of India, itself a British colony. Prior to British intervention in the nineteenth century Burma was a sovereign kingdom. After three wars between British forces and sur l'europe froide, the Burmese, beginning with the First Anglo-Burmese War in 1824-26, followed by on games the Second Anglo-Burmese War of essay review 1852, the essay country fell under British control after its defeat in the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885. Burma was subsumed under the administration of British India, becoming a province of that colony in 1886. It would remain an Indian province until it was granted the status of an individual British colony in 1937. In The Gatsby Essay! Burma would gain its independence in January 1948. Eric A. Blair was born in Mohitari, India, in 1903 to parents in the Indian Civil Service. On Games! His education brought him to England where he would study at thesis outline, Eton College ("college" in England is expository essay on games and sports, roughly equivalent to a US high school). However, he was unable to win a scholarship to continue his studies at the university level. With few opportunities available, he would follow his parents' path into service for poems books, the British Empire, joining the Indian Imperial Police in 1922. He would be stationed in what is today Burma (Myanmar) until 1927 when he would quit the imperial civil service in disgust. His experiences as a policeman for the Empire would form the basis of expository on games his early writing, including the novel Burmese Days as well as the essay "Shooting an pendant la guerre froide Elephant." These experiences would continue to and sports, influence his world view and his writing until his death in 1950. Review George Orwell's Shooting an Elephant . The text is available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Center for the Liberal Arts. Familiarize yourself with the historical context of Orwell's story, as well as the death in the great gatsby biographical circumstances that placed him in Burma as a police officer. Additional information on essay on games and sports Burmese history, the British Empire in study strengths, India and the biography of George Orwell can be accessed through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Internet Public Library. And Sports! Review metaphor, imagery, irony, symbolism and connotative and denotative language. The definitions for each of argument outline these terms can be found through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Internet Public Library. Activity 1. British Bobbies in Burma. It was once said that the sun never set on the British Empire, whose territory touched every continent on earth. Expository! English imperialism evolved through several phases, including the early colonization of North America, to its involvement in death great gatsby essay, South Asia, the colonization of Australia and New Zealand, its role in the nineteenth century scramble for Africa, involvement with politics in the Middle East, and its expansion into Southeast Asia. Expository! At the height of its power in the early twentieth century the British Empire had control over nearly two-fifths of the world's land mass and governed an for a essay empire of between 300 and 400 million people. It is the addition of the expository essay and sports Southeast Asian countries today known as Burma (Myanmar), Malaysia and Singapore that set the stage for Orwell's vignette from the review life of expository on games and sports a colonial official. Review with students the argument history of the British Empire. For World History courses, you may wish to utilize materials you have already covered in expository on games and sports, earlier classes as well as your textbook. You may also wish to use the overview of the essay literature review British Empire that is available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Internet Public Library. Ask students to look at this late nineteenth century map of the expository essay British Empire. Have students note which continents had a British colonial presence at the time this map was drawn in essay review, 1897. Next, ask students to read through the expository essay on games list of territories which were part of the essay literature review British Empire in 1921. Again, ask students to note which continents had a British colonial presence that year. Both the map and the list of territories are available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Internet Public Library. Ask students to read the history of British involvement in expository essay on games, Burma available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Internet Public Library. Introduce students to Eric Blair, the man who would take the pen name George Orwell. You may wish to do so by reading the poems books background information above to the class, or by and sports reading a short biography of the writer available through the EDSITEment-reviewed Internet Public Library. Explain that Orwell would spend five years in Burma as an Indian Imperial Police officer. This experience allowed him to see the workings of the British Empire on a daily and very personal level. Activity 2. The Reluctant Imperialist. Ask students to read George Orwell's essay "Shooting an Elephant" available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Center for the Liberal Arts. Ask students to take notes as they read of their first impressions, questions that may arise, or their reactions to the story. Ask them to also note any metaphors, symbolism or examples of irony in the text. Ask students to discuss Orwell's relationships with his profession and with the people he is review, meant to be patrolling. Expository Essay On Games! Direct their attention to the moments in pendant la guerre, the text when Orwell confesses conflicted feelings. During the class discussion students should concentrate on the tension between his feelings, his duties, and his conscience. Expository On Games And Sports! Discuss Orwell's feelings towards the British Empire and his role as an Imperial police officer. Students should focus on the ways in which Orwell writes about college essay these feelings, and about his internal conflicts. You may wish to have students answer questions such as the following: How does Orwell feel about the expository on games British presence in Burma? How does he feel about his job with the Indian Imperial police? What are some of the internal conflicts Orwell describes feeling in his role as a colonial police officer? How do you know? He wrote and published this essay a number of years after he had left the civil service. How does Orwell describe his feelings about the British Empire, and about his role in it, both at the time he took part in the incident described, and at the time of writing the essay, after having had the essay literature review opportunity to reflect upon these experiences? Ask students to point to examples in on games and sports, the text which support their view. What did Orwell mean by the following sentence: It was a tiny incident in itself, but it gave me a better glimpse than I had had before of the real nature of poems books imperialism -- the expository essay and sports real motives for which despotic governments act . Argument Thesis Outline! Discuss the following passages and what they tell us about Orwell's conflicted feelings towards the project of empire and expository and sports, the people who have been colonized. The two passages included here may help students to begin thinking about the tension in the text; however, wherever possible they should utilize other examples from throughout the essay to think about the questions which follow. All this was perplexing and upsetting. For at that time I had already made up my mind that imperialism was an evil thing and the sooner I chucked up my job and got out of it the better. Theoretically—and secretly, of course—I was all for the Burmese and study strengths, all against their oppressors, the British. As for the job I was doing, I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear. In a job like that you see the dirty work of Empire at close quarters. The wretched prisoners huddling in the stinking cages of the lock-ups, the grey, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the scarred buttocks of the men who had been flogged with bamboos—all these oppressed me with an intolerable sense of guilt. But I could get nothing into perspective. I was young and ill-educated and I had had to think out my problems in the utter silence that is imposed on every Englishman in the East… All I knew was that I was stuck between my hatred of the empire I served and my rage against the evil-spirited little beasts who tried to make my job impossible. With one part of my mind I thought of the British Raj as an unbreakable tyranny, as something clamped down, in saecula saeculorum*, upon the will of the prostrate peoples; with another part I thought that the greatest joy in the world would be to drive a bayonet into essay and sports, a Buddhist priest's guts. Feelings like these are the normal by-products of imperialism; ask any Anglo-Indian official, if you can catch him off duty. . Outline! * In saecula saeculorum is a liturgical term meaning "for ever and expository and sports, ever". Essay Literature Review! Discuss how Orwell writes about on games and sports his conflicted feelings. Argument! Questions you may wish to ask the students might include: Orwell states that he was against the British in their oppression of the Burmese. However, Orwell himself was British, and in his role as a police officer he was part of the oppression he is speaking against. How can he be against the British and their empire when he is essay on games, a British officer of the empire? What does Orwell mean when he writes that he was "theoretically… all for literature review, the Burmese and essay, all against their oppressors." Why does he use the word "theoretically" in this sentence, and what does he mean by it? How does this "theoretical" belief conflict with his actual feelings? Does he show empathy or sympathy for poems books, the Burmese in his description of expository this incident? Does he show a lack of sympathy? Both? Ask students to focus on in the great the kind of language Orwell uses. How does he convey these feelings through his use of language? Does Orwell believe these conflicting feelings can be reconciled? Why or why not? What does he mean by "the utter silence that is imposed on every Englishman in essay on games, the East"? Compare the excerpt above with Orwell's opening description of his experience as a European in colonial Burma. You may wish to review the definition of symbolism, accessible through the pendant froide EDSITEment reviewed web resource Internet Public Library, before beginning this exercise. Again, the two passages included here may help students to begin thinking about the tension in essay and sports, the text; however, they should utilize examples from poems books throughout the expository essay essay to think about the questions which follow. I was sub-divisional police officer of the town, and in an aimless, petty kind of way anti-European feeling was very bitter. No one had the guts to raise a riot, but if a European woman went through the bazaars alone somebody would probably spit betel juice over her dress. As a police officer I was an obvious target and was baited whenever it seemed safe to do so. When a nimble Burman tripped me up on the football field and essay, the referee (another Burman) looked the other way, the crowd yelled with hideous laughter. This happened more than once. In the end the sneering yellow faces of young men that met me everywhere, the insults hooted after me when I was at essay, a safe distance, got badly on my nerves. The young Buddhist priests were the worst of all. There were several thousands of them in the town and none of them seemed to essay, have anything to and sports, do except stand on literature street corners and jeer at Europeans. Knowing that Orwell had sympathy for the position of the Burmese under colonialism, how does it make you feel to read the description of the essay way in which he was treated as a policeman? Why do you think the in the great gatsby Burmese insulted and laughed at essay, him? The first sentence of this paragraph is "In Moulmein, in lower Burma, I was hated by large numbers of people- the strengths only time in my life that I have been important enough for this to happen to me." What does he mean when he says he was "important enough" to be hated? As a colonial police officer Orwell was both a visible and accessible symbol to many Burmese. What did he symbolize to the Burmese? Orwell was unhappy and angry in his position as a colonial police officer. Why? At whom was his anger directed? What did the Burmese symbolize to Orwell? Activity 3. The Price of Saving Face. Orwell states "As soon as I saw the elephant I knew with perfect certainty that I ought not to expository, shoot him." Later he says "… I did not want to shoot the elephant." Despite feeling that he ought not take this course of dissertation sur l'europe pendant action, and and sports, feeling that he wished not to take this course, he also feels compelled to shoot the animal. In this activity students will be asked to discuss the reasons why Orwell felt he had to kill the elephant. Ask students to read the following excerpt and discuss the questions which follow. It was perfectly clear to poems books, me what I ought to expository essay, do. I ought to walk up to within, say, twenty-five yards of the elephant and case study, test his behavior. If he charged, I could shoot; if he took no notice of me, it would be safe to leave him until the mahout came back. But also I knew that I was going to do no such thing. I was a poor shot with a rifle and expository essay on games, the ground was soft mud into which one would sink at la guerre, every step. If the elephant charged and I missed him, I should have about as much chance as a toad under a steam-roller. But even then I was not thinking particularly of my own skin, only the essay on games watchful yellow faces behind. For at that moment, with the crowd watching me, I was not afraid in the ordinary sense, as I would have been if I had been alone … The sole thought in my mind was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmans would see me pursued, caught, trampled on review and reduced to a grinning corpse like that Indian up the hill. And if that happened it was quite probably that some of them would laugh. That would never do. Orwell repeatedly states in the text that he does not want to shoot the elephant. In addition, by expository and sports the time that he has found the elephant, the animal has become calm and has ceased to case study, be an essay immediate danger. Despite this, Orwell feels compelled to for a essay, execute the creature. Why? Orwell makes it clear in this essay that he was not a particularly talented rifleman. Expository On Games! In the excerpt above he explains that by thesis attempting to shoot the elephant he was putting himself into grave danger. But it is not a fear for his "own skin" which compels him to on games, go through with this course of action. Instead, it was a fear outside of "the ordinary sense." What did Orwell fear? In colonial Burma a small number of case study British civil servants, officers and military personnel were vastly outnumbered by their colonial subjects. They were able to maintain control, in part, because they possessed superior firepower -- a point made clear when Orwell states that the expository essay on games "Burmese population had no weapons and were quite helpless against (the elephant)." Yet, Orwell's description of the relationship between the Burmese and Europeans indicates that the division of power was not necessarily that simple. How did the poems books Burmese resist their colonial masters through non-violent means? Ask students to show examples from the text to support their ideas. Ask students to explain how they would feel and essay on games and sports, what they would do were they in Orwell's position. Activity 4. For A! Reading Between the Lines. Ask students to read the following passages from the essay, which they should then use as a jumping off point for answering the following questions. Answers may be supplemented with other examples from the text. You may wish to review the definitions of expository and sports metaphor, irony, and connotation and denotation that are available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Internet Public Library before asking students the applying for a college questions which follow. How does Orwell use metaphors in order to describe a people and a situation geographically and culturally unfamiliar understandable to his readers? …The sole thought in my mind was that if anything went wrong those two thousand Burmans would see me pursued, caught, trampled on expository and sports and reduced to a grinning corpse like that Indian up the hill. Poems Books! And if that happened it was quite probable that some of them would laugh. That would never do. When irony is employed by on games and sports a writer the true intent of his or her words is for a college essay, covered up or even contradicted by the words that are used. Expository Essay On Games! Where is irony employed in this excerpt, and what is Orwell's true intent? The use of irony often also presumes there being two audiences who will read or hear the delivery of the ironic phrase differently. One audience will hear only the poems books literal meaning of the words, while another audience will hear the intent that lies beneath. Who are the two audiences to whom Orwell is on games and sports, speaking? In this section a series of sentences and phrases will be supplied which should provide examples for students to discuss the differences between the connotative and denotative meanings. Explain that denotative meanings are generally the literal meaning of the word, while connotative meanings are the "coloring" attached to words beyond their literal meaning. For example, the "army of people" Orwell refers to in his essay bring to mind not only a large group of gatsby people, but also a military and oppositional force. Ask students to essay and sports, explain the connotative and denotative meanings of the following words or phrases using this organizational chart, or its online interactive equivalent. One day something happened which in a roundabout way was enlightening . Gatsby Essay! It was a poor quarter, a labyrinth of squalid bamboo huts , thatched with palmleaf, winding all over essay and sports, the steep hillside . I marched down the hill, looking and feeling a fool, with the rifle over my shoulder and an ever-growing army of people jostling at my heels. They were watching me as they would watch a conjurer about to perform a trick. They did not like me, but with the magical rifle in my hands I was momentarily worth watching. He wears a mask , and his face grows to fit it. Activity 5. Persuasive Perspectives. Orwell was both an accomplished and a prolific essayist whose work covered a large number of topics. For A College! Many of expository on games his essays are written as third person commentaries or reviews, such as his "Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels." Orwell often chose to include himself in his essays, writing from a first person perspective, such as that employed in one of his most famous essays, "Politics and the English Language." In these works Orwell uses the first person perspective as a rhetorical strategy for supporting his argument. For example, he opens his 1946 essay "Politics and the English Language" with the applying college following lines: Most people who bother with the essay on games matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent, and our language- so the argument runs- must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism … Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is case study, a natural growth and not an essay on games instrument which we shape for our own purposes. In the paragraph which follows the above excerpt Orwell switches from the first person plural to the first person singular. By the essay second paragraph, however, he has already included his audience in his argument: we cannot do anything; our civilization is decadent. If we disagree with these sentiments, then we are ready to follow Orwell's argument over the following ten pages. While he does not use the inclusive "we" in "Shooting an Elephant," Orwell's use of the first person perspective is a rhetorical strategy. Discuss with students Orwell's decision to on games and sports, utilize the first person perspective rather than the third person perspective. You might ask question such as: How does seeing the incident through both the eyes of Eric Blair, the young colonial police officer, and George Orwell, the reflective essayist, support Orwell's argument? How does the poems books story change by having the on games narrator not only present, but active, in the action of the story? How does the use of the first person perspective create a sense of sympathy or understanding for death in the essay, Orwell's position? If time permits you may wish to ask students to essay on games, re-write a section of "Shooting an Elephant" from a different perspective- such as in the third person. Poems Books! What is expository essay and sports, gained by this shift in perspective? What is lost? Ask students to write a short essay about one of the following two topics. Students should be sure to essay, support their answers with examples from the text. Explain Orwell's use of expository essay on games language, and of rhetorical tools such as the poems books first person perspective, metaphor, symbolism, irony, connotative and denotative language, in essay on games, his commentary on the colonial project. How does Orwell use language to essay review, bring his audience into the immediacy of his world as a colonial police officer? The litany of on games examples of cruelties, insults and moral bankruptcy extend from the Buddhist priests, to the market sellers, the referee, the young British officials who declare the worth of the elephant far above that of an Indian coolie, to Orwell himself. While this essay contains anger and bitterness, is not simply a nihilistic diatribe. In what ways did the project of empire affect all parties involved in the shooting of an elephant? George Orwell wrote a second essay called A Hanging about his time as a police officer with the Indian Imperial Police. In addition, Orwell's first novel, Burmese Days , give a fictionalized account of his time in Burma. The essay and the novel are available through the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource Internet Public Library. George Orwell was not the only writer to discuss imperialism in review, his work. Another well known British author, Rudyard Kipling, also made imperialism the focus of some of his works, and the backdrop to many others. Both Orwell and essay on games, Kipling were born in India to poems books, English parents (Kipling was born in Bombay in 1865), and both returned to India after their educations. Despite similar backgrounds their descriptions of empire and their ideas on the moral foundations of the project of empire were quite different. Have students investigate the views of empire by each of these authors through a comparative reading of Orwell's Shooting an Elephant and Kipling's famous poem urging American imperialism in the Philippines, The White Man's Burden . Kipling's poem is available on the EDSITEment-reviewed web resource, History Matters. 2-3 class periods. Subject Areas Literature and Language Arts > Genre > Common Core History and Social Studies > Place > Europe Literature and Language Arts > Place > British Literature and Language Arts > Genre > Essay History and Social Studies > Place > Asia Skills Critical analysis Critical thinking Discussion Interpretation Literary analysis Making inferences and drawing conclusions Authors Jennifer Foley, NEH (Washington, DC) George Orwell confronted an Asian elephant like this one in the story recounted for this lesson plan. Credit: Image courtesy of American Memory at the Library of Congress. A blog for essay and sports, and about the humanities in the classroom: literature, social studies, language, art and culture, and more. Get updates on applying new lesson plans and expository essay on games and sports, other resources. EDSITEment! is a project of the National Endowment for the Humanities.