An essay on dramatic poesy

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Master's Thesis, 2003. 164 Pages, Grade: 70 (distinction), 1.0. List of Figures. List of Abbreviations. 1.1 The Meaning of Work. 1.2 Aim of Study. 1.3 Structure of Study. Chapter 2 Job Satisfaction. 2.2 Job Satisfaction Defined. 2.3 Theories of Job Satisfaction. 2.3.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. 2.3.2 Criticism of Maslow’s Theory. 2.3.3 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory. 2.3.4 Criticism of Herzberg’s Theory. 2.4 Antecedents of Job Satisfaction. 2.5 Outcomes of Job Satisfaction. Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework. 3.2 The Psychological Contract. 3.2.2 Where do Expectations Come From? 3.2.3 Violations of the on dramatic, Psychological Contract. 3.3 The Role of the Supervisor and Leader-Member Exchange Theory. 3.3.1 Outcomes of Leader-Member Exchanges. 3.4 The Role of Co-Workers and Team-Member Exchange Theory. 3.4.1 Outcomes of Team-Member Exchanges. Chapter 4 The Cruise Industry. 4.2 The Concept and spm english, Industry Trends. 4.3 International Crews and Flags of Convenience. 4.4 Life on the Ocean Wave. 4.4.1 The Organisation of Cruise Ships. 4.4.2 Working and Living Conditions on Cruise Ships. 4.4.2.1 Length of Contract and Hours of Work. 4.4.2.2 Food and Accommodation. 4.4.2.3 Recreation Facilities. 5.2 Research Objectives. 5.3 Theoretical Framework. 5.4 Research Design. 5.4.1 Purpose of Study. 5.4.2 Type of Investigation and an essay on dramatic, Study Setting. 5.4.3 Unit of Analysis. 5.4.4 Time Horizon. 5.4.5 Sampling Design. 5.5 Primary Data Collection Methods. 5.5.1 Survey Research. 5.6 Questionnaire Design. 5.7 Goodness of Measures. 5.8 Data Analysis. 6.2 Data Collection. 6.3 Socio-demographic Profile of Seafarers. 6.4 Psychometric Properties of essays, Scales. 6.4.1 Construct Validity of an essay on dramatic poesy, Satisfaction Scales. 6.4.2 Reliability of dissertation cordonnier-segger, Satisfaction Scales. 6.4.3 Reliability of an essay on dramatic, Expectation and Experience Scales. 6.5 Hypotheses Testing. 6.6 Predicting Job Satisfaction. 6.6.1 Standard Multiple Regression. 6.6.2 Hierarchical Regression. 6.7 Assessing Job Satisfaction on spm english essay-happiness, Ship A and Ship B. 6.8 Satisfaction Levels between Departments. 6.8.1 Satisfaction with Supervisor. 6.8.2 Satisfaction with Working and Living Conditions. 6.8.3 Satisfaction with Well-being Factors. 6.8.4 Satisfaction with Co-Workers and Job Satisfaction. 6.9 Comparison of Satisfaction Levels between Ship A and on dramatic poesy, Ship B. 6.9.1 Satisfaction with Supervisor between Departments. 6.9.2 Overall Job Satisfaction Comparing Ranks. Chapter 7 Discussion and Conclusion. 7.2 Discussion of Findings. 7.3 Practical Implications for Management. 7.3.1 Dealing with Perceived Discrimination. 7.3.2 Managing Diversity. 7.4 Limitations and Future Research Directions. Appendix I The Cruise Industry. 1.1 Main Cruise Lines offering Passenger Sea Cruises. 1.2 Cruise Ships scheduled for 2003. 1.3 Cruise Ships scheduled for 2004/2005. 1.4 Sample Employment Contract. Appendix II Questionnaire. Appendix III SPSS Output Factor Analysis. 3.1 Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett’s Test. 3.2 Total Variance Explained. 3.4 Component Matrix Satisfaction Scales. 3.5 Rotated Component Matrix. 3.6 Total Variance Explained after Rotation. Appendix IV SPSS Output Reliability Tests. 4.1 Reliability of essays on mandatory, Satisfaction Scales. 4.2 Reliability of on dramatic poesy, Expectation and Experience Scales. The concept of job satisfaction is one of the most extensively researched area in organisational management as a consequence of its association with individual and organisational outcomes. In order to explain the concept, the study explores traditional, e.g. Maslow’s “hierarchy of dissertation cordonnier-segger, needs”, and new theories of job satisfaction. Although many studies were conducted in various industries there seems to be a lack of research amongst seafarers on an essay, cruise ships. The cruise industry has been one of the fastest growing sectors within the tourism industry over the last decade and it is regions bank personal financial statement, estimated that the industry continues to an essay on dramatic, grow by 10% annually (Testa et al., 1998a). Cruise ships offer a unique work environment so that this research aims to assess job satisfaction of seafarers in relation to employee expectations and experiences, supervisor and co-worker relationships, as well as working and living conditions. For this cross-sectional study the researcher used a quantitative research design and undertook the investigation in a non-contrived setting. The lack of an appropriate instrument to young brown essays, measure the above mentioned variables in such a unique and complex workplace led the researcher to develop a new scale suitable for an essay poesy the cruise industry. On Mandatory? The instrument was developed by an essay on dramatic reviewing popular scales, such as, the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire. The sample of seafarers was taken from two ships of an 2010, American cruise line operating in the luxury cruise market. The investigation revealed that the developed instrument is a valid and reliable measure to assess job satisfaction in the cruise industry. Significant results were found throughout the study and an essay, it appeared that seafarers are generally satisfied with their job. However, on spm english, Ship B there was indication that some crew members perceived racial discrimination on board so that their satisfaction levels were below average. On Dramatic Poesy? Thus, the results obtained are valuable for the cruise line insofar as the identified factors which cause dissatisfaction could be improved or eliminated. From a theoretical point of of media in pakistan essay in urdu, view the study confirmed Maslow’s conclusion that individuals proceed along the hierarchy of an essay on dramatic, needs. 5.2 Sample of essays on mandatory helmet, Ship A. 5.3 Sample of Ship B. 6.1 Steps of an essay, Data Collection. 6.6 The Six Factor Solution. 6.7 Rules of Thumb for Strength of Correlation Coefficient. 6.8 Pearson Correlation Matrix for Hypothesis 1. 6.9 Pearson Correlation Matrix for Hypothesis 2. 6.10 Pearson Correlation Matrix for Hypothesis 3. 6.11 Pearson Correlation Matrix for Hypothesis 4. 6.12 Pearson Correlation Matrix for young goodman brown Hypothesis 5. 6.13 Inter-Scale Correlations. 6.14 Model Summary Standard Multiple Regression. 6.15 Regression Analysis Coefficients. 6.16 Model Summary Hierarchical Regression. 6.17 Mean Scores of Satisfaction Scales. 6.18 Satisfaction Levels across Departments. 6.19 Mean Scores – Supervisor Satisfaction Restaurant and Deck. 6.20 Mean Scores – Supervisor Satisfaction Galley and an essay poesy, Housekeeping. 6.21 Mean Scores – Overall Job Satisfaction Officers and Crew. i.i Main Cruise Lines offering Passenger Sea Cruises. i.ii Cruise Ships Scheduled for negative role of media in pakistan essay in urdu 2003. i.iii Cruise Ships Scheduled for 2004/2005. iii.i KMO and on dramatic poesy, Barlett’s Test. iii.ii Total Variance Explained. iii.iv Component Matrix Satisfaction Scales. iii.v Rotated Component Matrix. iii.vi Total Variance Explained after Rotation. iv.i Reliability Test of Satisfaction Scales. iv.ii Reliability Test of Expectation and Experience Scales. illustration not visible in this excerpt. illustration not visible in this excerpt. This dissertation would not have been completed without the support of many people and I am grateful to all of them. Dissertation Cordonnier-segger? I hereby express my utmost appreciation and sincere gratitude to André Nordseth for valuable comments and suggestions which were acted on and for total support provided throughout the on dramatic, project and the possibility to conduct the research on board the two ships. I am equally thankful to Raphael Sauleau who always provided needed information immediately. I owe special thanks to Lars Olsson, Sergio Topazio, Jarle Jensen, Marcel Kofler, Robby Casteleyn, Paolo Vercelli and Alessandro Peruzzo for helmet assisting with the distribution of the questionnaires. Additionally, I would like to thank all crew members who gave up their limited free time to participate in the study. A distinctive gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Olivia Kyriakidou, for providing skilful guidance and support throughout the year and particularly in times of crisis. I am also very grateful to my parents for being understanding and supportive, both emotionally and financially. Additional thanks goes to my relatives here in an essay poesy, the UK who were always there when help was needed. Special thanks to María Helena Pereda and Wendy Baxter Kennedy for essays being such good friends who always believed in me. To all others who helped making this dissertation a reality “thank you”. “Iron rusts from disuse, stagnant water loses its purity and in cold weather becomes frozen, even so does inaction sap the on dramatic, vigour of the mind.” Leonardo da Vinci. In today’s society people spend quite some time working or preparing for it through education and training. Although work holds a number of different meanings and values for people, as Fraser (1983, p. 19) states “one man’s work can be another man’s play”, research in most industrialised countries emphasises its fundamental or central role in the life of individuals since work provides income in order to sustain life as well as provides a variety of luxuries or non-essentials (Harpaz et al., 2002; Basini et al., 1994). Additionally, work contributes to college 2010, one’s sense of personal identity and gives the individual a sense of being tied into the larger society, of providing social contact, of an essay on dramatic, having something to do, and of having a purpose in life (Basini et al. Young Goodman? 1994). The psychological significance of work is supported in various studies which investigated on the so-called “Lottery Question”. This question asks whether a person would continue working if he/she won the lottery or inherited a large sum of money. Thus, the an essay, question places people into a fictitious situation in regions statement form, which the poesy, necessity for working is eliminated. The findings of such studies showed that the majority of people (e.g. 65-95%) in different professions and goodman brown, various countries indicated a wish to continue working even if they had enough money to an essay on dramatic, support themselves (Vecchio, 1980; Harpaz, 2002). The reason for this is in pakistan essay, stressed in the psychology literature which emphasises the importance of work to on dramatic, individual mental and emotional well-being. In Urdu? Although some people might fantasise about how it would be to do nothing and agree with the statement “I like work. I could watch someone do it all day”, many people would find fulltime inactivity not very satisfying for on dramatic poesy very long. The reason being the individual’s sense of spm english, personal worth which is closely connected to a feeling of on dramatic poesy, accomplishing something purposeful in life (Gill, 1999). Despite the fact that work is mostly associated with compulsion which is either self-induced or applied from the exterior and involves time and effort on activities other than those of one’s personal desire, it seems to on mandatory helmet, be significant to the individual from an economic and poesy, socio-psychological point of view (Fraser, 1983; Basini et al., 1994). Thus, since work occupies most of people’s lives, it is essential that organisations ensure job satisfaction of on mandatory, employees, as it not only contributes to life satisfaction but also enhances productivity, organisational effectiveness and lowers absenteeism and turnover of staff. This study aims to an essay, explore job satisfaction on of media essay, cruise ships as workplaces which are unique in an essay poesy, the sense that work and private spaces are not separated. Thus, employees are constantly surrounded by work. The research was conducted on two ships of an American cruise line serving the luxury cruise market and the researcher was concerned with the spm english, following objectives: - To evaluate critically relevant theoretical research into job satisfaction. - To identify the factors which are most likely to influence job satisfaction on cruise ships. - To assess job satisfaction levels on two ships. This study is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 2 explores the traditional theories behind job satisfaction. On Dramatic Poesy? Particular focus is essay-happiness, given on Maslow’s (1970) hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s (1968) two-factor theory. Both theories were not universally supported by previous research and therefore were regarded to be unsuccessful in explaining job satisfaction. Chapter 3 establishes the theoretical framework and introduces new theories relating to job satisfaction. Definitions and concepts of the psychological contract are provided, followed by a discussion on poesy, leader-member exchange as well as team member exchange theories. The relationships between these concepts and job satisfaction are defined and hypotheses are stated. Chapter 4 focuses on the cruise industry. An overview of the industry is given along with workplace practices developed by the International Labour Organisation. Particular emphasis is young brown, placed on working and living conditions, food, accommodation and recreation facilities. Chapter 5 explains the methodology employed in the study. An Essay? The process of how the instrument used in the study was developed is discussed along with the research design, e.g. Bank? purpose of study, sample size and time horizon. On Dramatic? Steps for analysing the spm english, primary data collected are presented. Chapter 6 presents the research findings. A profile of seafarers is established, hypotheses are tested and job satisfaction levels are assessed and on dramatic poesy, compared on statement form, two ships. Chapter 7 focuses on the discussion and establishes the link to the literature review. Recommendations are provided on how job satisfaction of employees might be increased on cruise ships. “Work is the grand cure for all the maladies that ever beset mankind. Honest, intelligent effort is always rewarded.” Organisations exist in a world of constant evolutionary activity and increased global competition and an essay, thus are faced with continuous changes in the environment, which inevitably affects the college scholarships essay, attitudes of employees. Today’s employees are more demanding as they do not only want to use their knowledge to earn a decent living but also expect to get personal satisfaction from their work. The concept of job satisfaction is one of the most extensively researched area in organisational management, accounting for approximately 5,000 journal articles and hundreds of poesy, books (Spinelli et al., 2000). The reason for this extensive research is based on scholarships essay contest, the possible effects of job satisfaction on on dramatic, the individual employee and on organisational outcomes. This chapter explores the traditional theories of job satisfaction as well as the antecedents and consequences of it. There are many definitions in existence to explain the concept of job satisfaction. Dissertation Cordonnier-segger? According to Fisher (2000), job satisfaction is an attitude and attitudes are said to contain at least two components: an affective component (e.g. emotional, feeling) and an essay poesy, a cognitive component (e.g. belief, judgement, comparison). It is indicated further that both components are important since they contribute to negative role of media essay, the overall attitude, which may be differentially caused by an essay on dramatic poesy and linked to behaviour. Locke (1976, p. 1300) also takes the two components into spm english, account and defines job satisfaction simply as “a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experience”. By contrast, “job dissatisfaction is the unpleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job as frustrating and blocking the attainment of one’s values“ (Locke, 1969, p. 316). Spector (1997) simply describes the concept as the an essay on dramatic poesy, feeling people have about their jobs and different aspects thereof. In other words, “it is the young essays, extent to which people like (satisfaction) or dislike (dissatisfaction) their jobs” (Spector, 1997, p. 2). Another definition was developed by Fraser (1983) who defined job satisfaction as a subjective, personal state perceived by the individual as being in an essay on dramatic, his/her favour. Young? In essence, job satisfaction or dissatisfaction is a function of the perceived relationship between what an individual wants from the job and an essay on dramatic poesy, what one perceives it as offering or entailing (Locke, 1969). Despite the existence of numerous definitions, the concept of regions personal financial, job satisfaction is a difficult entity to explain, since it is not a static state, rather it may be influenced and modified by an essay forces within and outside the immediate work environment. For the individual employee, job satisfaction may exist when the perceived benefits of the work exceed the perceived costs by a margin considered by the employee to be adequate under the circumstances. Additionally, there are multiple facets to young goodman, the working state some of which might be more satisfying and acceptable than others (Fraser, 1983). Spector (1997, p. 2) supports this view and an essay on dramatic, points out that “the concept can be considered as a global feeling about the job or as a related constellation of attitudes about various aspects or facets of the job at a specific point in time”. Thus, it can be said that at this particular time one is of media in pakistan, more satisfied with some aspect of on dramatic, one’s job than at negative role, some other time (Fraser, 1983). In the past various attempts have been made towards explaining the concept of job satisfaction. On Dramatic? Many contemporary views on essays helmet, job satisfaction are based on Maslow’s and an essay on dramatic poesy, Herzberg’s content theories of motivation. Bank Financial Statement? Motivation has been defined as “the psychological process that gives behaviour purpose and direction” or as ”a predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet needs” and as “the will to achieve” (Lindner, 1998). In other words, motivation is an essay on dramatic, operationally defined as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organisational goals and when these goals are met satisfaction is the result. Thus, motivation can be described as the journey towards achieving satisfaction as a reward. In relation to role of media in pakistan in urdu, the work environment, the content theories of motivation attempt to specify the particular needs that must be satisfied or the values that must be fulfilled for an individual to be satisfied with his/her job (Locke, 1976; Mullins, 1995; Graham et al., 1998). On Dramatic? In general, content theories endeavour to explain the specific factors that actually motivate the individual at work. For any organisation it is important that these factors are known because motivated employees are needed in today’s rapidly changing workplaces as these individuals are productive and help organisations survive (Lindner, 1998). It is argued that motivating employees is the most complex task due to spm english, the fact that the factors which motivate employees change constantly. For example, research indicates that as income increases money becomes less of a motivator (Lindner, 1998). Therefore, proponents of content theories are interested in identifying the an essay poesy, needs/drives that people have and how these needs/drives are prioritised. The content theorists are mainly concerned with the types of college essay contest 2010, incentives or goals that people aim for in order to an essay poesy, be satisfied. Although content theories are regarded to be static because they incorporate only one or a few points in time and are either past or present-time-oriented, they are, nevertheless, important to understanding what motivates people at work (Luthans, 1998). The term “motivation” originates from the Latin word movere meaning “to move” and is defined as a process that starts with a physiological or psychological deficiency or need that activates a behaviour that is aimed at a goal (Luthans, 1998). This meaning is essays helmet, evident in Maslow’s need theory which suggests that people are motivated to satisfy a sequence of five categories of needs. Maslow (1970) argues that individuals must satisfy their lower-needs first before they can move up the hierarchy to satisfy higher needs. However, it does not mean that a need must be fully satisfied before a subsequent need arises, rather the degree of satisfaction decreases along the hierarchy. That is to an essay on dramatic poesy, say that, for an average person 85% of physiological needs and 70% of safety needs would be generally satisfied, but only 50% of social needs, 40% of esteem needs and 10% of spm english essay-happiness, self- actualisation needs would be met (Luthans, 1998). Maslow believed that, once a given level of need is an essay on dramatic, satisfied, it does no longer act as a motivator. In essence, the essays on mandatory helmet, theory assumes that people always want more, and what they want depends on what they already have (Mullins, 1996). Maslow suggests that human needs are arranged in an essay poesy, a hierarchy of importance and these levels are as follows: - Physiological Needs: Represent the basic level in the hierarchy and are oriented towards survival. Young Goodman? Examples are the needs of an essay on dramatic poesy, hunger, thirst, air, sleep. The main characteristic of physiological needs is regions bank personal financial, that they have to on dramatic, be satisfied regularly. - Safety Needs: These needs include freedom from physical threats and helmet, harm, need for structure, order, law as well as economic security. - Affiliation Needs: At this stage the individual will hunger for affectionate relations with people in general. An Essay Poesy? Thus, social contacts, belonging to a group, friendship and essays helmet, love are important. - Esteem Needs: These needs are divided into self-esteem and esteem from others. Self-esteem includes the need for poesy self-respect and self-confidence. Esteem from others includes the need for scholarships essay contest 2010 recognition, reputation, status and approval of others. It is poesy, suggested that satisfaction of esteem needs leads to scholarships essay contest 2010, feelings of strength, capability and of being useful and necessary in the world. - Self-Actualisation Needs: At this final stage the individual is self-fulfilled and has realised his/her full potential. It is suggested that the poesy, individual desires to become everything that one is on mandatory, capable of becoming. The specific form that this need will take varies greatly from individual to individual. Source: Maslow, 1970. Although Maslow proposed that these basic needs appear in individuals in approximately the order indicated, he points out that the hierarchy is not necessarily fixed and there are a number of exceptions. For example, self- esteem might be more important than love to some people. Similarly, creative people may strive for creativity and self-actualisation despite the lack of satisfaction of more basic needs (Mullins, 1996). Maslow’s theory suggests further that the above mentioned needs can be distinguished between primary and secondary drives. The primary drives, which are the physiological needs, are inherited even though the means for satisfying them can be learned. Secondary drives, which include safety, affiliation, esteem and self-actualisation needs, are not inherited but are learned and on dramatic poesy, may be to some extent culturally determined (Fraser, 1983). According to Fraser (1983), the lower order needs, particularly physiological and safety needs, are largely met in today’s industrial society so that only the higher order needs such as esteem and self-actualisation needs need to be satisfied. Maslow (1970, p. Spm English Essay-happiness? 98) points out that “the higher the need the less imperative it is for an essay poesy sheer survival, the cordonnier-segger, longer satisfaction can be postponed, and the easier it is for the need to an essay on dramatic poesy, disappear permanently”. Thus, higher needs are less urgent and people can only afford to seek satisfaction of these needs in a society where the primary needs have been largely met. Despite the fact that Maslow did not intend to negative in pakistan essay, apply his need hierarchy to work motivation directly, the five categories of an essay poesy, needs seem to emerge in the organisational setting and the percentages given by him seem logical and scholarships essay contest 2010, applicable to the motivation of an essay on dramatic poesy, employees. For example, physiological needs are reflected in the desire for dissertation adequate pay. Safety needs are shown in the individual’s desire for an essay on dramatic safe working conditions as well as job security. Social needs are fulfilled by working in teams or groups. Regions? Esteem needs are satisfied when individuals in the organisations seek promotion or other recognition. An Essay On Dramatic Poesy? Lastly, self-actualisation needs are fulfilled when people in the organisation participate in training programmes, for example (Bovée et al., 1993). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is illustrated in the table below along with examples in the organisational setting. illustration not visible in this excerpt. Table 2.1: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Luthans (1998) indicates that Maslow’s theory is not the final answer in work motivation but, nevertheless, makes management aware of the diverse needs of employees at work. Other researchers, however, have found that the theory is difficult to scholarships, test empirically so that little support was found (Bovée, 1993; Mullins, 1995). Furthermore, Mullins (1996) points out that there are a number of problems when relating the an essay on dramatic, theory to the work situation. Firstly, it is suggested that individuals do not necessarily satisfy their needs, especially higher-order needs, through the work situation, because managers would require a complete understanding of people’s private and social lives and spm english essay-happiness, not just the behaviour at work. Secondly, some outcomes at work may satisfy more than one need at the same time such as higher salary and poesy, promotion. Nevertheless, it is cordonnier-segger, suggested that the model provides a convenient framework for viewing the different needs and expectations of individuals at work (Mullins, 1995). Herzberg’s (1968) two-factor theory is an extension of Maslow’s work and essentially a theory of job satisfaction. His theory is based on on dramatic poesy, considerable empirical evidence and young goodman essays, is based on the principles that people are motivated towards what makes them feel good, and away from what makes them feel bad (McKenna, 2000). The result of Herzberg’s research led to an essay poesy, the development of two distinct lists of spm english, factors. One set of factors is called motivators which are thought to cause happy feelings or good attitude within the worker. On Dramatic Poesy? These factors are generally related to job content and include, for example, recognition, achievement and work itself. The other factors are termed hygiene factors and include supervision, working conditions and salary and are believed to cause unhappiness or bad attitudes when not present. Dissertation? Herzberg claimed that these factors are not directly related to an essay on dramatic poesy, the job itself rather they are associated with the conditions that surrounded doing the job (Tietjen et al., 1998). The theory suggests that motivators cause positive job attitudes because they satisfy the goodman essays, individual’s needs until self-actualisation is reached which is thought to be the ultimate goal as indicated by Maslow (Herzberg, 1968). Thus, the presence of motivators has the potential to create great job satisfaction and serves to motivate the individual to superior effort and performance but their absence does not cause dissatisfaction rather there will be no positive motivation (Tietjen et al., 1998). According to Luthans (1998), the motivators are equivalent to Maslow’s higher-order needs. Thus, Herzberg’s theory implies that an individual must have a challenging job involving opportunities for advancement, recognition and responsibility in order to be truly motivated because these intrinsic factors satisfy people’s need for growth and achievement. The hygiene factors, on the other hand, which are equivalent to on dramatic poesy, Maslow’s lower needs, are believed to cause dissatisfaction when they are not present but their presence does not itself contribute to high job satisfaction (McKenna, 2000). Similar arguments are put forward by Luthans (1998) who indicates that although the hygiene factors prevent dissatisfaction they do not lead to satisfaction because they generate motivation up to a zero level and are a necessary basis to prevent dissatisfaction. Luthans (1998) suggests further that hygiene factors serve as a takeoff point for motivation but they cannot motivate by themselves. Young Goodman? Herzberg’s model is an essay poesy, illustrated in the figure below. illustration not visible in this excerpt. Figure 2.2: Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory Source: Mullins, 1995. According to Herzberg (1968), job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction are not opposites rather the opposite regions bank personal statement form, of job satisfaction is simply a lack of satisfaction. Consequently, the opposite of job dissatisfaction is not satisfaction rather it is no dissatisfaction. This can be illustrated by an example from the hygiene factor working conditions. If the air-conditioning breaks down on an essay on dramatic, a hot summer’s day, the employees might be greatly dissatisfied since they have to cordonnier-segger, work in a hot office. On the other hand, if the air-conditioning works all day as expected the employees will not be extremely satisfied by being grateful rather it is an essay on dramatic poesy, something taken for granted. To summarise, Herzberg’s theory suggests that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction result from different causes, satisfaction is only provided by motivators whereas dissatisfaction is the result of the non-existence or failure of hygiene factors (Locke, 1976). Thus, if management wants to create positive motivation, great attention must be paid to the hygiene factors as well as the negative of media essay, motivators. The hygiene factors are needed to prevent unpleasantness at work and to prevent unfair treatment. The motivators, on the other hand, relate to what people are allowed to do at work so that these are the variables which actually motivate the individual (Mullins, 1996). 2.3.4 Criticism of an essay, Herzberg’s Theory. Although Herzberg’s two factor theory has extended Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and is more appropriate in the work situation, it is still a source of frequent debate. Some studies provide support for regions financial statement form the theory, such as the research conducted by on dramatic Hodgetts et al. (1991) who used the same methodology as Herzberg, i.e. the storytelling critical incident method. According to their review of financial form, several international studies, no motivator was found to be a source of dissatisfaction but the categories labelled as hygiene factors created dissatisfaction. Additionally, motivators were more important contributors to job satisfaction than to dissatisfaction (Hodgetts et al., 1991). However, when other methods were used for measuring job satisfaction, the results were quite different from an essay on dramatic, Herzberg’s findings so that the validity of the cordonnier-segger, theory could be questioned, since it depends on a particular research method (McKenna, 2000). Other research such as the an essay on dramatic poesy, study conducted by House and Wigdor (1967), pointed out spm english, further limitations when they drew attention to the impact of individual differences on an essay poesy, job satisfaction. They argue that the two factor theory is an over­simplification of the sources of job satisfaction because one particular factor may cause satisfaction for one person but dissatisfaction for another or vice versa. Smith and Kendall (1963 as cited in House and Wigdor, 1967) support this view and state that: “A particular job condition can be a satisfier, dissatisfier or irrelevant depending on conditions in comparable jobs, conditions of other people, of the qualifications and past experience of the individual as well as on numerous situational variables of the present job.” Source: House and Wigdor, 1967, p. 386. Mullins (1996) argues that the brown essays, theory is at least applicable to people having uninteresting, repetitive and monotonous jobs with limited scope. An Essay On Dramatic Poesy? For example, according to brown, Weaver (1988), the theories of on dramatic, motivation have little meaning for hourly workers in the hotel industry because there is a fundamental difference in the way they view their job. He suggests that hourly employees may feel little attachment to one particular company since they tend to continue working in college contest, the same hotel even though ownership may have changed. Weaver (1988) argues that, where work does not differ much among different companies, e.g. for an essay cooks, waiters or maids, people may only work for their pay cheque and are best motivated by dissertation cordonnier-segger direct cash rewards if there is little pleasure in the work itself or the job offers limited opportunities for personal growth or career advancement. In such cases pay could be a satisfier rather than a dissatisfier. On the other hand, however, if pay is not high enough, it can be dissatisfying. As another example, House and Wigdor (1967) content that many of the intrinsic job aspects appear to be more frequently identified by respondents as satisfiers, but recognition and achievement were also often associated with dissatisfaction. In fact, House and Widgor (1967) emphasise strongly that achievement and recognition were more frequently identified as dissatisfiers than working conditions and relations to supervisors. Similar observations were made by Wernimont (1966 as cited in McKenna, 2000) who also suggests that both hygiene and motivators can cause satisfaction or dissatisfaction because the two factor theory does not take into account the expectations people bring with them to the job. This shows that a strict interpretation of Herzberg’s theory is not warranted. In spite of much criticism, Herzberg’s theory has contributed significantly to on dramatic, the study of work motivation and has emphasised the importance of the quality of cordonnier-segger, work life. On Dramatic? His work placed great emphasis on job design in order to create job enrichment. Therefore, he encouraged the restructuring of jobs to dissertation cordonnier-segger, pay more attention to the motivating factors at an essay on dramatic, work, to make jobs more interesting and to satisfy higher levels of needs (Mullins, 1996). 2.4 Antecedents of essays, Job Satisfaction. Since Herzberg’s two-factor theory is not universally supported, other researchers (e.g. Hodgetts, 1991) made attempts to identify the job characteristics about which people have affective responses. The main influences can be grouped into six dimensions and are presented below. Luthans (1998) suggests that these factors are more likely to be associated with job satisfaction rather than with dissatisfaction. - The Work Itself: The content of the work itself is an essay on dramatic poesy, a major source of job satisfaction. It is suggested that the most important ingredients of a satisfying job are interesting and challenging work, opportunities for learning, taking responsibility and skill variety. Work itself was also identified by Herzberg (1968) as a source leading to satisfaction because challenging tasks are said to be stimuli to induce growth. Psychological growth can be experienced through achievement and this ability to achieve is a unique human characteristic. - Pay and young goodman brown, Benefits: The amount of an essay on dramatic, equitable financial compensation is dissertation, another important factor contributing to job satisfaction. Money helps to an essay poesy, satisfy people’s basic needs and is instrumental for bank personal statement form higher-level need satisfaction. An Essay Poesy? In other words, money facilitates satisfaction of financial statement form, Maslow’s (1970) lower-order needs and when these are met, ensures that individuals can progress along the hierarchy of needs. Employees often see pay as a reflection of how management views their contribution to the organisation. Fringe benefits, e.g. health insurance, pension plans, are also important but they are not as influential. - Promotion: The level of satisfaction with promotional opportunities varies because promotions take a number of different forms and have a variety of rewards attached i.e. An Essay? promotion could take place on the basis of performance or seniority. Promotion based on performance may facilitate psychological growth as the promotion might be given as the essays on mandatory, result of completing a challenging task successfully. Thus, promotion may be seen as equivalent to recognition which was identified as a source of satisfaction by an essay Herzberg (1968). - Supervision: The abilities of the supervisor to provide technical assistance, behavioural support as well as the degree to which the essay-happiness, supervisor takes a personal interest in the employee’s welfare is another determinant of job satisfaction. - C o- Workers: Friendly, co-operative co-workers or team members are a modest source of job satisfaction to individual employees. A good or effective work group serves as a source of support, comfort, advice and an essay on dramatic, assistance to the individual and can make the dissertation, job more enjoyable. - Working Conditions: If working conditions are good, comfortable and safe the an essay poesy, employees will find it easier to do their jobs so that reasonable job satisfaction may appear. If, on the other hand, working conditions are poor (e.g. noisy, hot), personnel will find it difficult to get the job done. Spm English Essay-happiness? Thus, poor working conditions can have a negative effect on an essay on dramatic, job satisfaction. Source: Luthans, 1998, p.145-146. Considering the above mentioned factors, it appears that in contrast to personal form, Herzberg’s view, the hygiene factors may also contribute to an essay poesy, job satisfaction. To these job related factors can be added the individual factors the person brings to the job such as personality, expectations and negative essay, prior experiences. According to poesy, Spector (1997), both categories of essays, antecedents work together to poesy, influence employee job satisfaction in a positive or negative way. The level of job satisfaction of employees has been a major area of concern for managers, academics and 2010, the community as a whole for many years (Savery, 1987). Poesy? The reason for this interest is the college essay contest, concern that low job satisfaction of the workforce may lead to an essay, negative organisational outcomes such as a high labour turnover or poor overall job performance which ultimately influences the productivity of the organisation. Understanding how satisfied employees are with their jobs is, therefore, not only dissertation cordonnier-segger, desirable but also essential for any organisation. An Essay On Dramatic? Previous research has shown a correlation between job satisfaction and turnover. It is argued that people who are satisfied with their jobs are less likely to leave the organisation compared to essay 2010, those who are dissatisfied (Lee et al., 1987). However, it must be noted that other factors such as labour market conditions, expectations and job tenure within the organisation may also influence the on dramatic poesy, relationship between employee turnover and spm english, job satisfaction (McKenna, 2000). As for performance, it is argued that although the an essay poesy, link to job satisfaction is weak research found that organisations with more satisfied employees tended to be more effective than organisations with less satisfied employees (McKenna, 2000). Spector (1997) indicates that people who are able to do their jobs well and, thus, perform well tend to have higher job satisfaction. Job satisfaction in the service sector, which, in the context of tourism, consists of a whole series of service transactions involving tour operators, transport companies, accommodation and hotel services, restaurant and catering as well as financial services, is of primary importance as research has shown that employee attitudes are linked to customer satisfaction. Bagozzi (1992 as cited in Schmit et al. 1995) suggested that attitudes translate directly into behaviour and argues that an individual’s appraisal of a situation causes an emotional response. This emotional response is said to produce a coping intention (intention to act) that, in turn, affects behaviour. Schmit et al. (1995) successfully tested the Bagozzi model and indicated that service employee attitudes influence the level of customer satisfaction because positive mood or job satisfaction facilitates pro- social behaviours of employees in organisations. It has, therefore, been suggested that happy or satisfied employees may share these emotions with customers which, in turn, may lead to customer satisfaction (Schmit et al., 1995). Schmit et al. Spm English Essay-happiness? (1995) noticed further that the pro-social behaviour of employees resulted in subsequent customer service behaviour which led to the provision of on dramatic, quality service. Diploma Thesis,  27 Pages. Professorial Dissertation,  63 Pages. Master's Thesis,  133 Pages. Diploma Thesis,  167 Pages. Scientific Essay,  10 Pages. Research Paper (undergraduate),  18 Pages. Diploma Thesis,  157 Pages. Term Paper (Advanced seminar),  11 Pages. Bachelor Thesis,  98 Pages. Academic Paper,  11 Pages. Research Paper (undergraduate),  26 Pages. Research Paper (postgraduate),  56 Pages. upload your texts now! - Publication as eBook and book - High royalties for the sales - Completely free - with ISBN - It only takes five minutes! - Every paper finds readers. Diploma Thesis,  27 Pages. Professorial Dissertation,  63 Pages. Master's Thesis,  133 Pages. Diploma Thesis,  167 Pages. Scientific Essay,  10 Pages. Research Paper (undergraduate),  18 Pages. Diploma Thesis,  157 Pages. Term Paper (Advanced seminar),  11 Pages. Bachelor Thesis,  98 Pages. Academic Paper,  11 Pages. Research Paper (undergraduate),  26 Pages. Research Paper (postgraduate),  56 Pages. GRIN Publishing, located in Munich, Germany, has specialized since its foundation in 1998 in the publication of academic ebooks and books. The publishing website GRIN.com offer students, graduates and university professors the ideal platform for the presentation of essay-happiness, scientific papers, such as research projects, theses, dissertations, and academic essays to an essay on dramatic, a wide audience. Free Publication of scholarships 2010, your term paper, essay, interpretation, bachelor's thesis, master's thesis, dissertation or textbook - upload now!