cross engine metathesis

WO 2013162737 A1. UNSATURATED FATTY ALCOHOL ALKOXYLATES. FROM NATURAL OIL METATHESIS. FIELD OF THE INVENTION. The invention generally relates to unsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylates wherein unsaturated fatty alcohol precursors are made from a metathesis-derived feedstock. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION. Fatty alcohol alkoxylates are versatile surfactants. They are used across a broad array of industries and end uses, including personal care, laundry and difference cleaning, emulsion polymerization, agricultural uses, oilfield applications, industrial compositions, and essay about specialty foamers. Fatty alcohols are usually made by reducing the corresponding fatty acids or esters, typically by thesis, catalytic hydrogenation. Often, the catalyst includes zinc or copper and chromium. U.S. Pat. Essays By Schopenhauer! No. 5,672,781 , for instance, uses a CuCrO 4 catalyst to hydrogenate methyl esters from palm kernel oil, which has substantial unsaturation, to produce a mixture of thesis paper, fatty alcohols comprising about 52 wt.% of essays, oleyl alcohol, a monounsaturated fatty alcohol. For additional examples, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,865,968; 3,193,586; 4,804,790; 6,683,224; and 7,169,959. The fatty acids or esters used to make fatty alcohols and their derivatives are usually made by hydrolysis or transesterification of triglycerides, which are typically animal or vegetable fats. Difference! Consequently, the fatty portion of the acid or ester will typically have 6-22 carbons with a mixture of saturated and internally unsaturated chains. Depending on source, the fatty acid or ester often has a preponderance of Ci6 to C 2 2 component. For instance, methanolysis of soybean oil provides the saturated methyl esters of palmitic (Ci 6) and stearic (Cis) acids and the unsaturated methyl esters of oleic (Cis mono-unsaturated), linoleic (Cis di-unsaturated), and a-linolenic (Cis tri- unsaturated) acids. The unsaturation in these acids has either exclusively or predominantly cis- configuration. Recent improvements in metathesis catalysts (see J.C. Mol, Green Chem. 4. (2002) 5) provide an opportunity to generate reduced chain length, monounsaturated feedstocks, which are valuable for making detergents and surfactants, from C16 to C22- rich natural oils such as soybean oil or palm oil. Soybean oil and palm oil can be more economical than, for example, coconut oil, which is a good in canada, a traditional starting material for making detergents. Difference! Metathesis relies on conversion of olefins into career choice, new products by rupture and thesis paper reformation of carbon-carbon double bonds mediated by transition metal carbene complexes. Self-metathesis of an unsaturated fatty ester can provide an equilibrium mixture of starting material, an photonic crystal internally unsaturated hydrocarbon, and an unsaturated diester. Thesis And Research Paper Difference! For instance, methyl oleate (methyl c/s-9-octadecenoate) is partially converted to 9-octadecene and dimethyl 9-octadecene-1 ,18-dioate, with both products consisting predominantly of the trans- isomer. Metathesis effectively isomerizes the cis- double bond of methyl oleate to give an equilibrium mixture of cis- and analysis essay college rubric trans- isomers in both the "unconverted" starting material and thesis the metathesis products, with the on queen hatshepsut trans- isomers predominating. Cross-metathesis of unsaturated fatty esters with olefins generates new olefins and thesis and research difference new unsaturated esters that can have reduced chain length and that may be difficult to make otherwise. Analysis Essay! For instance, cross-metathesis of thesis and research, methyl oleate and 3- hexene provides 3-dodecene and embodiment on gender methyl 9-dodecenoate (see also U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,941 ). Terminal olefins are particularly desirable synthetic targets, and Elevance Renewable Sciences, Inc. recently described an thesis and research improved way to about running cross country, prepare them by and research paper, cross-metathesis of an internal olefin and an a-olefin in the presence of a ruthenium alkylidene catalyst (see U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 2010/0145086). A variety of cross- metathesis reactions involving an a-olefin and an unsaturated fatty ester (as the internal olefin source) are described. Analysis Essay College Rubric! Thus, for example, reaction of and research paper, soybean oil with propylene followed by essay college, hydrolysis gives, among other things, 1 -decene, 2-undecenes, 9-decenoic acid, and 9-undecenoic acid. Despite the availability (from cross-metathesis of natural oils and olefins) of unsaturated fatty esters having reduced chain length and/or predominantly trans- configuration of the unsaturation, unsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylates made from these feedstocks appear to thesis paper difference, be unknown. In sum, traditional sources of is accounting a good career, fatty acids and paper esters used for making unsaturated fatty alcohols generally have predominantly (or exclusively) cis- isomers and lack relatively short-chain (e.g., C10 or C12) unsaturated fatty portions. Metathesis chemistry provides an opportunity to generate precursors having shorter chains and mostly trans- isomers, which could impart improved performance when the on gender and identity precursors are converted to thesis paper, downstream compositions (e.g., in surfactants). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION. The invention relates to fatty alcohol alkoxylates. The alkoxylates are made by reacting alkylene oxides with monounsaturated fatty alcohol compositions, which are in about running country, turn made by difference, reducing a metathesis-derived monounsaturated alkyl ester. Microscopy reveals that the monounsaturated alkoxylates have isotropic and lamellar phases over a wider range of actives levels compared with their saturated analogs. This attribute can expand formulating latitude for many end-use applications. The unsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylates are valuable in, for example, agricultural solvents, nonionic emulsifiers for agricultural compositions, hard surface cleaners, laundry detergents, specialty foams, additives or surfactants for essay on queen hatshepsut, paints or coatings, and surfactant compositions useful for thesis and research paper, enhanced oil recovery. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION. In one aspect, the invention relates to derivatives made by alkoxylating monounsaturated fatty alcohol compositions. The fatty alcohol compositions are made by choice in canada, reducing a metathesis-derived monounsaturated alkyl ester. The monounsaturated alkyl ester, preferably a C5-C35 alkyl ester, and paper more preferably a C10-C17 monounsaturated lower alkyl ester, used as a reactant is essay rubric, derived from metathesis of a natural oil. Traditionally, these materials, particularly the short- chain alkyl esters (e.g., methyl 9-decenoate or methyl 9-dodecenoate), have been difficult to obtain except in thesis, lab-scale quantities at about cross considerable expense. However, because of the recent improvements in metathesis catalysts, these esters are now available in bulk at reasonable cost. Thus, the monounsaturated esters are conveniently generated by thesis difference, self-metathesis of natural oils or cross-metathesis of natural oils with olefins, preferably a-olefins, and essays by schopenhauer particularly ethylene, propylene, 1 -butene, 1 - hexene, 1 -octene, and thesis and research paper difference the like. As used herein, "monounsaturated" refers to compositions that comprise principally species having a single carbon-carbon double bond but may also include a minor proportion of one or more species that have two or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Essay Country! The skilled person will appreciate that it is thesis paper difference, not necessary and often impractical to produce a purely "monounsaturated" species, and that mixtures comprising principally (but not exclusively) monounsaturated esters, alcohols, and derivatives are contemplated as within the scope of the invention. Non-limiting examples of procedures for making monounsaturated lower alkyl esters by metathesis are disclosed in embodiment on gender and identity, WO 2008/048522, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In particular, Examples 8 and 9 of WO 2008/048522 may be employed to produce methyl 9-decenoate and methyl 9-dodecenoate. Suitable procedures also appear in U.S. And Research Difference! Pat. Appl. Publ. No. 201 1 /01 13679 and PCT Int. On Gender And Identity! Appl . Nos. WO 2012/061093 and thesis and research difference WO 2012/061095, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Preferably, at least a portion of the monounsaturated alkyl ester has "Δ 9 " unsaturation, i.e., the carbon-carbon double bond in the lower alkyl ester is at the 9- position with respect to the ester carbonyl. In other words, there are preferably seven carbons between the analysis essay college rubric ester carbonyl group and the olefin group at C9 and C10. Thesis Paper Difference! For the O to Ci 7 esters, an embodiment essays on gender and identity alkyl chain of 1 to thesis difference, 7 carbons, respectively is attached to C10. Preferably, the unsaturation is at least 1 mole % trans-A 9 , more preferably at least 25 mole % trans-A 9 , more preferably at least 50 mole % trans-A 9 , and essay hatshepsut even more preferably at least 80% trans-A 9 . The unsaturation may be greater than 90 mole %, greater than 95 mole %, or even 100% trans-A 9 . In contrast, naturally sourced fatty esters that have Δ 9 unsaturation, e.g., methyl oleate, usually have -100% cis- isomers. Although a high proportion of trans- geometry (particularly trans-A 9 geometry) may be desirable in the metathesis-derived unsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylates of the invention, the skilled person will recognize that the configuration and the exact location of the thesis difference carbon-carbon double bond will depend on reaction conditions, catalyst selection, and essay hatshepsut other factors. Difference! Metathesis reactions are commonly accompanied by isomerization, which may or may not be desirable. Analysis Essay College! See, for example, G. Difference! Djigoue and M. Meier, Appl . Catal., A 346 (2009) 158, especially Fig. 3. Thus, the analysis rubric skilled person might modify the reaction conditions to control the degree of isomerization or alter the proportion of cis- and trans- isomers generated. For instance, heating a metathesis product in the presence of an inactivated metathesis catalyst might allow the skilled person to induce double bond migration to give a lower proportion of product having trans-A 9 geometry. An elevated proportion of thesis paper difference, trans- isomer content (relative to the usual all-c/s configuration of the natural monounsaturated ester) imparts different physical properties to analysis college, unsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylates, including, for example, modified physical form, melting range, compactability, and other important properties. These differences should allow formulators that use unsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylates greater latitude or expanded choice as they use them in cleaners, detergents, personal care, agricultural uses, specialty foams, and other end uses. Monounsaturation can also impart advantages to paper difference, formulated products (including consumer products) that are often not available with the corresponding saturated fatty alcohol alkoxylates. Because crystallinity is disrupted by photonic, the presence of a carbon- carbon double bond, monounsaturated alkoxylates usually have lower viscosities than their saturated analogs. Moreover, the alkoxylates can be concentrated and formulated at paper higher actives levels— sometimes much higher— than their saturated counterparts. For instance, a saturated alcohol ethoxylate might allow a maximum 30 wt.% actives level to give a flowable liquid, whereas an about cross otherwise similar monounsaturated alcohol ethoxylate could allow the actives level to be as high as 70 or 80 wt.%. Thus, the seemingly minor structural change to thesis, a monounsaturated product can enable shipment of more concentrated products, reduce or eliminate the essays on gender and identity need for special handling equipment, and/or ultimately provide substantial cost savings. The monounsaturated alkoxylates are also more effective as compatibilizers for surfactants or other components in the fully formulated products. For evidence of the advantages of using a monounsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylate, see the microscopy study results discussed below and summarized in and research paper, Table 4. Microscopy reveals that the monounsaturated alkoxylates have isotropic and lamellar phases over a good career choice in canada a wider range of actives levels compared with their saturated analogs. This attribute can expand formulating latitude for thesis and research difference, many end-use applications. Thus, in one aspect, the invention is a monounsaturated fatty alcohol ethoxylate having at essays on gender and identity least one isotropic clear phase over and research paper difference an increased actives level range when compared with that of a saturated analog of the monounsaturated fatty alcohol ethoxylate. On Gender And Identity! Preferably, the fatty alcohol ethoxylate comprises isotropic and/or lamellar phases at any actives level from 0 to difference, 100%. More preferably, the fatty alcohol ethoxylate comprises an essays and aphorisms isotropic clear phase at thesis paper any actives level from 0 to 100%. Suitable metathesis-derived monounsaturated esters derive from carboxylic acids. Preferably, the esters derive from essay on queen C5-C35 carboxylic acids, more preferably from C10-C17 carboxylic acids. Example include esters derived from 9-decylenic acid (9- decenoic acid), 9-undecenoic acid, 9-dodecylenic acid (9-dodecenoic acid), 9- tridecenoic acid, 9-tetradecenoic acid, 9-pentadecenoic acid, 9-hexadecenoic acid, 9- heptadecenoic acid, and the like. Usually, cross-metathesis or self-metathesis of the natural oil is followed by separation of an olefin stream from a modified oil stream, typically by stripping or distilling out the more volatile olefins. The modified oil stream is then reacted with a lower alcohol, typically methanol, to thesis and research, give glycerin and a mixture of analysis college, alkyl esters. This mixture normally includes saturated C 6 -C 2 2 alkyl esters, predominantly Ci 6 -Ci 8 alkyl esters, which are essentially spectators in the metathesis reaction. The rest of the product mixture depends on whether cross- or self-metathesis is used. When the natural oil is cross-metathesized with an a-olefin and the product mixture is transesterified, the resulting alkyl ester mixture includes a C10 unsaturated alkyl ester and thesis paper difference one or more Cn to C17 unsaturated alkyl ester coproducts in essays by schopenhauer, addition to the glycerin by-product. The terminally unsaturated C10 product is thesis and research paper, accompanied by different coproducts depending upon analysis essay college which a-olefin(s) is used as the cross-metathesis reactant. Thus, 1 -butene gives a C12 unsaturated alkyl ester, 1-hexene gives a Ci unsaturated alkyl ester, and so on. The unsaturated alkyl esters are readily separated from each other and easily purified by thesis, fractional distillation. And Aphorisms By Schopenhauer! These lower alkyl esters are excellent starting materials for thesis and research, making the inventive unsaturated alcohol alkoxylate compositions. Natural oils suitable for embodiment essays on gender and identity, use as a feedstock to generate the monounsaturated alkyl esters from self-metathesis or cross-metathesis with olefins are well known. Suitable natural oils include vegetable oils, algal oils, animal fats, tall oils, derivatives of the oils, and and research difference combinations thereof. Thus, suitable natural oils include, for analysis college rubric, example, soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, palm kernel oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, corn oil, olive oil, peanut oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil, castor oil, linseed oil, tung oil, jatropha oil, mustard oil, pennycress oil, camellina oil, tallow, lard, poultry fat, fish oil, and the like. Soybean oil, palm oil, rapeseed oil, and thesis difference mixtures thereof are preferred natural oils. Oils produced using bioengineered microorgranisms can be used as feedstocks. Genetically modified oils, e.g., high-oleate soybean oil or genetically modified algal oil, can also be used. Preferred natural oils have substantial unsaturation, as this provides a reaction site for the metathesis process for generating olefins. Particularly preferred are natural oils that have a high content of unsaturated fatty groups derived from oleic acid. Thus, particularly preferred natural oils include soybean oil, palm oil, algal oil, and rapeseed oil. A modified natural oil, such as a partially hydrogenated vegetable oil or an oil modified by a fermentation process, can be used instead of about country, or in combination with the natural oil. When a natural oil is partially hydrogenated or modified by fermentation, the site of unsaturation can migrate to a variety of positions on the hydrocarbon backbone of the fatty ester moiety. Because of this tendency, when the modified natural oil is self- metathesized or is cross-metathesized with the olefin, the thesis and research reaction products will have a different and generally broader distribution compared with the analysis college rubric product mixture generated from an unmodified natural oil. However, the products generated from the modified natural oil are similarly converted to inventive unsaturated alcohol derivative compositions. In certain embodiments, the naturally occurring oil may be refined, bleached, and/or deodorized. The other reactant in the cross-metathesis reaction is an olefin. Suitable olefins are internal or a-olefins having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Mixtures of olefins can be used. Preferably, the olefin is a monounsaturated C2-C10 a-olefin, more preferably a monounsaturated C2-C8 a-olefin. Preferred olefins also include C 4 -Cg internal olefins. Thus, suitable olefins for use include, for example, ethylene, propylene, 1 -butene, cis- and difference frans-2-butene, 1 -pentene, isohexylene, 1 -hexene, 3-hexene, 1 - heptene, 1 -octene, 1 -nonene, 1 -decene, and the like, and mixtures thereof. Cross-metathesis is accomplished by reacting the natural oil and the olefin in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous metathesis catalyst. Essays And Aphorisms By Schopenhauer! The olefin is omitted when the natural oil is self-metathesized, but the same catalyst types are generally used. Suitable homogeneous metathesis catalysts include combinations of a transition metal halide or oxo-halide (e.g., WOCI 4 or WC^) with an and research difference alkylating cocatalyst (e.g., Me 4 Sn). Preferred homogeneous catalysts are well-defined alkylidene (or carbene) complexes of transition metals, particularly Ru, Mo, or W. These include first and second-generation Grubbs catalysts, Grubbs-Hoveyda catalysts, and essay on queen the like. Suitable alkylidene catalysts have the general structure: M[X 1 X 2 L 1 L 2 (L 3 )n]=C m =C(R 1 )R 2. where M is a Group 8 transition metal, L 1 , L 2 , and thesis L 3 are neutral electron donor ligands, n is 0 (such that L 3 may not be present) or 1 , m is 0, 1 , or 2, X 1 and X 2 are anionic ligands, and R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from H, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, substituted heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, and dissertation photonic functional groups. Difference! Any two or more of X 1 , X 2 , L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , R 1 and R 2 can form a cyclic group and any one of essays and aphorisms by schopenhauer, those groups can be attached to paper, a support. First-generation Grubbs catalysts fall into this category where m=n=0 and particular selections are made for n, X 1 , X 2 , L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , R 1 and R 2 as described in U.S. Pat. A Good! Appl. Publ. No. Thesis And Research Paper! 2010/0145086 ("the Ό86 publication"), the teachings of which related to all metathesis catalysts are incorporated herein by reference. Second-generation Grubbs catalysts also have the general formula described above, but L 1 is a carbene ligand where the essays and aphorisms carbene carbon is flanked by N, O, S, or P atoms, preferably by two N atoms. Usually, the carbene ligand is party of a cyclic group. Examples of suitable second-generation Grubbs catalysts also appear in the Ό86 publication. In another class of suitable alkylidene catalysts, L 1 is a strongly coordinating neutral electron donor as in first- and second-generation Grubbs catalysts, and thesis and research paper L 2 and L 3 are weakly coordinating neutral electron donor ligands in dissertation photonic, the form of thesis and research paper difference, optionally substituted heterocyclic groups. Choice! Thus, L 2 and L 3 are pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, quinoline, thiophene, or the like. In yet another class of suitable alkylidene catalysts, a pair of substituents is thesis and research, used to form a bi- or tridentate ligand, such as a biphosphine, dialkoxide, or alkyldiketonate. Grubbs-Hoveyda catalysts are a subset of this type of catalyst in which L 2 and R 2 are linked . Typically, a neutral oxygen or nitrogen coordinates to the metal while also being bonded to a carbon that is α-, β-, or γ- with respect to the carbene carbon to is accounting a good choice, provide the bidentate ligand. Examples of suitable Grubbs-Hoveyda catalysts appear in the Ό86 publication. The structures below provide just a few illustrations of suitable catalysts that may be used: Heterogeneous catalysts suitable for use in the self- or cross-metathesis reaction include certain rhenium and paper difference molybdenum compounds as described, e.g., by J.C. Mol in Green Chem. 4 (2002) 5 at pp. 1 1 -12. Particular examples are catalyst systems that include Re2O 7 on a good, alumina promoted by an alkylating cocatalyst such as a tetraalkyi tin lead, germanium, or silicon compound. Others include M0CI3 or M0CI 5 on silica activated by tetraalkyltins. For additional examples of suitable catalysts for self- or cross-metathesis, see. U.S. Pat. No. 4,545,941 , the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference, and references cited therein. See also J. Org. Chem. 46 (1981 ) 1821 ; J. Catal. 30 (1973) 1 18; Appl. Catal. 70 (1991 ) 295; Orqanometallics 13 (1994) 635; Olefin Metathesis and Metathesis Polymerization by Ivin and Mol (1997), and Chem. & Eng. Thesis And Research Paper Difference! News 80(51 ), Dec. Hatshepsut! 23, 2002, p. And Research Paper Difference! 29, which also disclose useful metathesis catalysts. Illustrative examples of suitable catalysts include ruthenium and osmium carbene catalysts as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,312,940, 5,342,909, 5,710,298, 5,728,785, 5,728,917, 5,750,815, 5,831 ,108, 5,922,863, 6,306,988, 6,414,097, 6,696,597, 6,794,534, 7,102,047, 7,378,528, and U.S. Pat. Appl . Publ . No. 2009/0264672 A1 , and PCT/US2008/009635, pp. 18-47, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. A number of metathesis catalysts that may be advantageously employed in metathesis reactions are manufactured and sold by on gender, Materia, Inc. (Pasadena, Calif.) and thesis and research difference Evonik Degussa GmbH (Hanau, Germany). The unsaturated fatty alcohols (also referred to hereinbelow as simply "unsaturated alcohols") are made by reacting a metathesis-derived monounsaturated alkyi ester, preferably a C5-C35 monounsaturated alkyi ester, and more preferably a C10- Ci7 monounsaturated lower alkyi ester, with a reducing agent. Embodiment On Gender And Identity! By "lower alkyi ester," we mean an ester derived from a Ci to C10 alcohol, preferably a C1-C-6 alcohol, more preferably a C C alcohol, and thesis paper most preferably methanol or ethanol. Thus, the lower alkyi ester is most preferably a methyl or ethyl ester. Suitable lower alkyi esters can be generated by transesterifying a metathesis-derived triglyceride. For example, cross- metathesis of a natural oil with an about running cross country olefin, followed by removal of unsaturated hydrocarbon metathesis products by stripping, and thesis and research paper difference then transesterification of the modified oil component with a lower alkanol under basic conditions provides a mixture of about running country, unsaturated lower alkyi esters. The unsaturated lower alkyi ester mixture can be purified to paper difference, isolate particular alkyi esters prior to making the unsaturated alcohols and inventive alkoxylates. Reduction of metathesis-derived monounsaturated alkyi esters to produce the unsaturated alcohols is performed using well-known catalysts and procedures. The reducing agent is typically either a hydride reducing agent (sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, or the like) or molecular hydrogen in combination with a metal catalyst, frequently copper and/or zinc in combination with chromium (see, e.g., U.S. Essays And Identity! Pat. Nos. 2,865,968; 3,193,586; 4,804,790; 5,124,491 ; 5,672,781 ; 6,683,224; 7,169,959 and 7,208,643, the thesis and research difference teachings of is accounting a good career, which are incorporated herein by reference). The skilled person will appreciate that the reduction process, particularly when transition metal catalysts are used to convert the lower alkyl esters to alcohols, can induce some degree of isomerization or migration of the carbon-carbon double bond from and research paper difference its original position. Moreover, because ester hydrogenation catalysts are not always completely selective, a proportion of the carbon-carbon double bonds might be hydrogenated during the ester reduction, resulting in a mixed product that may have saturated fatty alcohols in addition to the desired unsaturated fatty alcohols. The skilled person can control the analysis essay college degree of unsaturation to any desired amount. Thesis And Research! General note regarding chemical structures: As the skilled person will recognize, products made in accordance with the invention are typically mixtures of cis- and trans- isomers. Except as otherwise indicated, all of the structural representations provided herein show only a transformer. The skilled person will understand that this convention is is accounting a good career in canada, used for convenience only, and and research difference that a mixture of cis- and trans- isomers is understood unless the context dictates otherwise. Structures shown often refer to a principal product that may be accompanied by a lesser proportion of other components or positional isomers. Thus, the structures provided represent likely or predominant products. Some monounsaturated fatty alcohol compositions used to make the inventive alkoxylates have the general structure: wherein R is H or C2-C7 alkyl. Preferably, the essay on queen fatty alcohol compositions have the thesis and research paper general structure: wherein R is H or C2-C 7 alkyl. Some specific examples of C10, C12, Ci 4 , and Ci6-based unsaturated alcohols used to make inventive alkoxylates appear below: The inventive alkoxylates are made by alkoxylating the monounsaturated fatty alcohol compositions. The unsaturated fatty alcohols can be alkoxylated using well-known techniques. Photonic! For instance, the difference unsaturated fatty alcohol can be alkoxylated by reacting it with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or a combination thereof to produce an alkoxylate. Alkoxylations are usually catalyzed by a base (e.g., KOH), but other catalysts such as double metal cyanide complexes (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,908) can also be used. On Queen Hatshepsut! The oxyalkylene units can be incorporated randomly or in blocks. Preferably, the fatty alcohol is ethoxylated with ethylene oxide. Some specific examples of thesis and research paper, ethoxylates based on Cio, C12, CM, and C16 unsaturated alcohols appear below: In one aspect, a monounsaturated alkoxylate is made by on queen, reacting a monounsaturated alcohol (or alkoxide) with one or more alkylene oxides. As shown in the examples below, a series of products with different degrees of alkoxylation can be easily produced using a single reactor. This is illustrated by the sequential ethoxylation of 9-decen-1 -ol or 9-dodecen-1 -ol to produce ethoxylates having, on average, 1 , 3, 5, 7, or 15 moles of oxyethylene units per and research difference mole of essays by schopenhauer, unsaturated fatty alcohol starter. (See, e.g., the thesis difference preparation of ethoxylates from 9-decen-1 -ol: A10-4, A10-7, A10-10, A10-13, and A10-16). Thus, in essay hatshepsut, one aspect, the alkoxylate of the monounsaturated alcohol composition has the general structure: wherein R is H or C2-C 7 alkyl; AO is an oxyalkylene group, preferably oxyethylene; and n, which is the average number of oxyalkylene groups, has a value within the range of. 0.1 to 200, preferably 0.5 to 100. Preferably, n has a value within the range of 1 to paper, 50, more preferably 1 to 20. Preferably, the derivative has the general structure: wherein R is H or C2-C 7 alkyl; AO is an analysis oxyalkylene group, preferably oxyethylene; and n, which is the average number of oxyalkylene groups, has a value within the thesis and research paper range of. 0.1 to 200, preferably 0.5 to about running cross country, 100. Preferably, n has a value within the range of 1 to 50, more preferably 1 to thesis and research difference, 20. In either of the above-mentioned general structures, AO can indicate a single kind of oxyalkylene group, blocks of different oxyalkylene groups, a random distribution of oxyalkylene groups (as in a random EO/PO copolymer), or any other distribution of oxyalkylene groups. Preferably, AO is oxyethylene. The invention includes a process for making alkoxylates. The process comprises first reducing a metathesis-derived monounsaturated alkyl ester, preferably a C5-C35 monounsaturated alkyl ester, and essay cross country more preferably a C10-C17 monounsaturated lower alkyl ester, to and research, produce a monounsaturated fatty alcohol composition. The fatty alcohol composition is then converted to an alkoxylate. Suitable reagents and processes for effecting the essays reduction have already been described. The process comprises alkoxylating the fatty alcohol composition with one or more alkylene oxides to thesis and research, give a monounsaturated alkoxylate. The invention provides compositions comprising at least one unsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylate. Country! The composition may be an aqueous system or provided in other forms. The unsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylates may be incorporated into various formulations and used as surfactants, emulsifiers, skin feel agents, film formers, rheological modifiers, solvents, release agents, biocides, biocide potentiators, conditioners, dispersants, hydrotropes, or the like. Such formulations may be used in end-use applications including, among others: personal care; household, industrial, and institutional cleaning products; oil field applications; enhanced oil recovery; gypsum foamers; coatings, adhesives and and research difference sealants; and agricultural formulations. Thus, the country unsaturated fatty alcohol alkoxylates may be used in and research paper, such personal care applications as bar soaps, bubble baths, liquid cleansing products, conditioning bars, oral care products, shampoos, body washes, facial cleansers, hand soaps/washes, shower gels, wipes, baby cleansing products, creams/lotions, hair treatment products, antiperspirants, and deodorants. Cleaning applications include, among others, household cleaners, degreasers, sanitizers and disinfectants, liquid and powdered laundry detergents, heavy duty liquid detergents, light-duty liquid detergents, hard and soft surface cleaners for household, autodish detergents, rinse aids, laundry additives, carpet cleaners, spot treatments, softergents, liquid and sheet fabric softeners, industrial and on queen institutional cleaners and paper difference degreasers, oven cleaners, car washes, transportation cleaners, drain cleaners, industrial cleaners, foamers, defoamers, institutional cleaners, janitorial cleaners, glass cleaners, graffiti removers, concrete cleaners, metal/machine parts cleaners, and essay about food service cleaners. In specialty foam applications (firefighting, gypsum, concrete, cement wallboard), the alkoxylates and derivatives function as foamers, wetting agents, and foam control agents. In paints and and research paper difference coatings, the alkoxylates are used as solvents, coalescing agents, surfactants, or additives for emulsion polymerization. In oil field applications, the is accounting a good choice in canada alkoxylates can be used for thesis and research, oil and gas transport, production, stimulation, enhanced oil recovery, and as components of drilling fluids. In agricultural applications, the alkoxylates are used as solvents, dispersants, surfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, formulation inerts, or adjuvants. And Aphorisms By Schopenhauer! As demonstrated in the examples below, the difference inventive alkoxylates are exceptionally useful as solvents and as nonionic emulsifiers for agricultural compositions. The following examples merely illustrate the invention. The skilled person will recognize many variations that are within the spirit of the by schopenhauer invention and scope of the claims. Reduction of thesis and research, Methyl 9-Decenoate to on queen, 9-Decen-1 -ol (A10-1 ) The procedure of Micovic and Mihailovic (J. Org. Chem. 18 (1953) 1 190) is generally followed. Thus, a 5-L flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, thermocouple, addition funnel, and thesis and research paper difference nitrogen inlet is charged with tetrahydrofuran ("THF," 3 L). The flask is immersed in photonic crystal, an isopropanol/CO2 bath. Thesis And Research Paper Difference! Lithium aluminum anhydride (LAH) pellets (133.8 g) are charged to the flask with stirring. Methyl 9-decenoate (250 g) is charged to the addition funnel and diluted with THF to the maximum capacity of the funnel (500 ml_). The ester solution is added dropwise to the LAH suspension at a good choice a rate that maintains the reaction temperature below 20°C. The funnel is refilled with pure ester (750 g; total of 1000 g) due to thesis paper, the large volume of the essay on queen hatshepsut reaction mixture, and the addition continues. Total addition time of the ester: 5 h. Once the addition is complete, the reaction temperature is. 15°C and stirring continues for and research difference, 30 min. 1 H NMR analysis shows complete conversion of the ester to the desired alcohol. Deionized water (135 g) is added slowly via the addition funnel while keeping the temperature below 20°C. Hydrogen evolution appears to cease after approximately half of the a good choice in canada water is added. And Research! The viscosity of the photonic crystal mixture increases, but it remains stirrable. The flask is paper, removed from the cooling bath, and aqueous sodium hydroxide (15% aq. NaOH, 135 g) is embodiment essays on gender and identity, added. During this addition, the thesis and research paper reaction mixture thickens and quickly becomes an unstirrable slurry that has to be broken up with a spatula. Addition of the remaining NaOH solution proceeds without incident. And Aphorisms! Following the 15% NaOH addition, deionized water (3 X 135 g) is added. Thesis And Research Difference! The slurry stirs for 20 min. and essays on gender then stands overnight at room temperature. The mixture is filtered through a Buchner funnel, and the filter cake is and research paper, washed with additional THF (2 X 500 mL) and then acetone (2 X 500 mL). The filtrates are combined and concentrated. Embodiment Essays! 1 H NMR analysis of the difference remaining oil reveals a clean alcohol product. The crude alcohol is rubric, transferred to paper, a round-bottom flask and heated to analysis, 50°C. And Research! Full vacuum is essays and aphorisms, slowly applied to thesis, remove low-boiling volatiles. The remaining crude product is then vacuum distilled, collecting the product that boils at 95-98°C (97.5-100°C pot temperature). Yield of A10-1 : 834.7 g (98.3%). Purity (by GC analysis): 99.7%. Hydroxyl value: 355.5 mg KOH/g sample; iodine value: 162.2 g l 2 /100 g sample. 1 H NMR (δ, CDCI 3 ): 5.8 (CH 2 =CH-); 4.95 (CH 2 =CH-); 3.6 (-CH 2 -OH). The procedure is repeated four times using 1 kg of country, ester in difference, each reduction. Reduction of Methyl 9-Dodecenoate to 9-Dodecen-1 -ol (A12-1 ) The procedure used to prepare A10-1 is generally followed using THF (3 L) lithium aluminum hydride pellets (1 16 g), and methyl 9-dodecenoate (1000 g total). The usual work-up follows, first with deionized water (120 g), then aqueous sodium hydroxide (15% aq. NaOH, 120 g). Following the a good career 15% NaOH addition, deionized water (360 g) is and research difference, added. Essay On Queen Hatshepsut! The slurry stirs for 20 min. and and research paper difference then stands overnight at room temperature. The mixture is essays and aphorisms by schopenhauer, filtered through a Buchner funnel, and the filter cake is washed with additional THF (4 X 1 L). Thesis Difference! The filtrates are combined and concentrated. The procedure is repeated five times using 1 kg of methyl 9-dodecenoate for each run, and the crude alcohol products are combined and distilled as described above for the preparation of A10-1 . Yield of A12-1 : 4262.8 g (98.2%). Essays And Aphorisms By Schopenhauer! Purity (by GC analysis): 99.4%. Hydroxyl value: 302.8 mg KOH/g sample; iodine value: 133.2 g l 2 /100 g sample. 1 H NMR (δ, CDCI 3 ): 5.4 (-CH=CH-); 3.6 (-CH 2 -OH); 0.9 (CH 3 -). Additional samples of 9-dodecen-1 -ol are produced by reducing methyl 9- dodecenoate using a Zn-Cr catalyst in fixed-bed process. The product gives satisfactory analytical data. Ethoxylation of 9-Decen-1 -ol to thesis, Produce 1 , 3, 5, 7, and 15 mole Alcohol Ethoxylates. (A10-4, A10-7, A10-10, A10-13, and A10-16, respectively) Ethoxylations are performed sequentially using one reactor to prepare unsaturated alcohol ethoxylates from 9-decen-1 -ol that have, on essays by schopenhauer, average, 1 , 3, 5, 7, or. 15 oxyethylene units. 9-Decen-1 -ol (3417.8 g) is charged to a 2.5-L pressure reactor. Liquid KOH. (45%, 45.0 g) is added. The reactor is sealed and thesis paper difference heated to 75°C under nitrogen with agitation. At. 75°C, vacuum is applied to remove water. The contents are further heated to is accounting a good career in canada, 105-1 15°C under full vacuum and held for 4 h with a nitrogen sparge. Vacuum is released, and a removed sample has a water content of paper difference, 0.04%. The remaining dried catalyzed alcohol feed (3332.0 g) is heated to 145°C. The reactor is pressurized with nitrogen and vented three times. Ethylene oxide (925 g, 1 mole per essay on queen mole of starter) is introduced to and research, the reactor at 145-160°C. After the essay about country EO addition, the thesis paper mixture digests for 1 h at 150-160°C until the choice in canada reactor pressure equilibrates. The mixture is cooled to 60°C and thesis difference partially drained (1 175.0 g removed) to provide the 1 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A10-4. Hydroxyl value: 281 .3 mg KOH/g ; iodine value: 125.4 g l 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 0.13%. 1 H NMR (δ, c/ - MeOH): 5.8 (CH 2 =CH-); 4.9 (CH 2 =CH-); 3.65-3.45 (-CH 2 -CH 2 -OH). The reactor contents (3082.0 g) are re-heated to 150°C, and essays and aphorisms the reactor is thesis and research, vented with nitrogen as described earlier. Ethylene oxide (1340.0 g, 2 additional moles per mole of starter; 3 moles of EO per mole of 9-decen-1 -ol charged) is added to the feed at 145-160°C. After digesting 1 h at 150-160°C, the and aphorisms by schopenhauer mixture is cooled to 60°C and partially drained (1233.3 g removed) to thesis and research paper difference, recover the 3 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A10-7. Is Accounting A Good Career Choice In Canada! Hydroxyl value: 194.2 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 86.5 g l 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 0.24%. 1 H NMR (δ, c/ 4 -MeOH): 5.8 (CH 2 =CH-); 4.9 (CH 2 =CH-); The reactor contents (3188.7 g) are re-heated to 150°C as described above. Thesis Difference! Ethylene oxide (970 g, 2 additional moles per photonic crystal mole of and research difference, starter; 5 moles of EO per mole of 9-decen-1 -ol charged) is added to the feed at and aphorisms 145-160°C. And Research Paper! After digesting 1 h at 150- 160°C, the mixture is cooled to 60°C and partially drained (1277.8 g removed) to recover the 5 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A10-10. Hydroxyl value: 146.5 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 65.8 g l 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 0.29%. On Queen Hatshepsut! 1 H NMR (δ, c/ 4 -MeOH): 5.8 (CH 2 =CH-); 4.9 (CH 2 =CH-); 3.65-3.45 (-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-). The reactor contents (2880.8 g) are re-heated to 150°C as described above. Ethylene oxide (670 g, 2 additional moles per mole of starter; 7 moles of EO per mole of and research paper difference, 9-decen-1 -ol charged) is added to and aphorisms by schopenhauer, the feed at 145-160°C. After digesting 1 h at 150- 160°C, the paper mixture is cooled to 60°C and is accounting choice in canada partially drained (1301 .1 g removed) to recover the difference 7 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A10-13. Running Country! Hydroxyl value: 1 18.5 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 53.0 g l 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 0.27%. 1 H NMR (δ, c/ 4 -MeOH): 5.8 (CH 2 =CH-); 4.9 (CH 2 =CH-); 3.65-3.45 (-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-). The reactor contents (2249.7 g) are re-heated to 150°C. Thesis And Research Paper! Ethylene oxide (1695 g, 8 additional moles per mole of starter; 15 moles of EO per mole of essay college, 9-decen-1 -ol charged) is and research paper difference, added at 145-160°C. After digesting 1 h at 150-160°C, the mixture is cooled to 60°C and drained to provide the college rubric 15 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A10-16 (3944.8 g). Hydroxyl value: 67.8 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 30.1 g l 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 1 .18%. 1 H NMR (δ, c/ 4 -MeOH): 5.8 (CH 2 =CH-); 4.9 (CH 2 =CH-); 3.65-3.45 (-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-). Ethoxylation of thesis paper, 9-Dodecen-1 -ol to essay cross, Produce 1 , 3, 5, 7, and 15 mole Alcohol Ethoxylates. (A12-4, A12-7, A12-10, A12-13. and A12-16. respectively) Ethoxylations are performed sequentially using one reactor to prepare unsaturated alcohol ethoxylates from 9-dodecen-1 -ol that have, on thesis and research difference, average, 1 , 3, 5, 7, or 15 oxyethylene units. The procedure used to make the corresponding products from 9-decen-1 -ol is generally followed. Thus, 9-dodecen-1 -ol (3682.6 g) is charged to essays and aphorisms by schopenhauer, a 2.5-L pressure reactor. Thesis And Research Paper! Liquid KOH (45%, 34.0 g) is added. The reactor is sealed and heated to 100°C under nitrogen with agitation. At. 100°C, vacuum is applied to remove water. The contents are further heated to 1 15°C under full vacuum and held for 3 h with a nitrogen sparge. Vacuum is embodiment essays, released, and a removed sample has a water content of 0.03%. The remaining dried catalyzed alcohol feed (3584.5 g) is heated to and research paper difference, 145°C. The reactor is pressurized with nitrogen and vented three times. Analysis Rubric! Ethylene oxide (850 g, 1 mole per mole of starter) is introduced to the reactor at 145-160°C. After the thesis paper difference EO addition, the mixture digests for 1 h at 150-160°C until the reactor pressure equilibrates. The mixture is cooled to 60°C and essays and aphorisms by schopenhauer partially drained (1 167.0 g removed) to provide the 1 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A12-4. Thesis And Research Paper Difference! Hydroxyl value: 246.4 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 106.8 g l 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 0.26%. 1 H NMR (δ, CDCI 3 ): 5.3 (- CH=CH-); 3.7-3.4 (-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-); 0.9 (CH 3 -). The reactor contents (3267.8 g) are re-heated to 150°C, and the reactor is vented with nitrogen as described earlier. Ethylene oxide (1250 g, 2 additional moles per mole of starter; 3 moles of EO per mole of 9-dodecen-1 -ol charged) is added to the feed at 145-160°C. After digesting 1 h at 150-160°C, the mixture is cooled to embodiment on gender and identity, 60°C and partially drained (1219.8 g removed) to thesis and research difference, recover the 3 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A12-7. Essays! Hydroxyl value: 177.4 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 76.8 g Ι 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 0.57%. 1 H NMR (δ, CDCI 3 ): 5.3. The reactor contents (3298.0 g) are re-heated to 150°C as described above. Ethylene oxide (915 g, 2 additional moles per mole of starter; 5 moles of EO per mole of 9-dodecen-1 -ol charged) is added to the feed at 145-160°C. After digesting 1 h at and research difference 150- 160°C, the mixture is cooled to 60°C and partially drained (1 170.9 g removed) to recover the 5 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A12-10. Essay Cross Country! Hydroxyl value: 137.4 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 59.7 g l 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 0.42%. 1 H NMR (δ, c/ 4 -MeOH): 5.4 (-CH=CH-); 3.7-3.4 (-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-); 0.95 (CH 3 -). The reactor contents (3042.1 g) are re-heated to 150°C as described above. Paper Difference! Ethylene oxide (660 g, 2 additional moles per mole of starter; 7 moles of EO per about cross country mole of 9-dodecen-1 -ol charged) is added to the feed at 145-160°C. After digesting 1 h at 150- 160°C, the mixture is cooled to 60°C and partially drained (1547.0 g removed) to paper, recover the 7 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A12-13. Is Accounting Choice In Canada! Hydroxyl value: 1 12.5 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 48.5 g l 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 0.44%. 1 H NMR (δ, c/ 4 -MeOH): 5.4 (-CH=CH-); 3.7-3.4 (-CH 2 -CH 2 -O-); 0.95 (CH 3 -). The reactor contents (2155.1 g) are re-heated to paper, 150°C. Ethylene oxide (1535 g, 8 additional moles per on queen mole of thesis and research paper difference, starter; 15 moles of EO per mole of 9-dodecen-1 -ol charged) is added at 145-160°C. After digesting 1 h at 150-160°C, the mixture is cooled to 60°C and by schopenhauer drained to provide the 15 mole ethoxylated unsaturated alcohol, A12-16 (3680.5 g). Difference! Hydroxyl value: 63.3 mg KOH/g; iodine value: 27.7 g l 2 /100 g sample; polyethylene glycol: 1 .2%. 1 H NMR (δ, c/ 4 -MeOH): 5.4 (-CH=CH-); 3.7-3.4 (-CH 2 -CH 2 - O-); 0.95 (CH 3 -). The ethoxylation procedure used to make A12-13 is generally followed using 9- tetradecen-1 -ol to analysis essay college, produce A14-8, a C14 alcohol (7 EO) ethoxylate: A similar ethoxyation strategy is thesis paper difference, used to prepare A12-21 , a C12 alcohol (9 EO) ethoxyate, and A12-22, a C12 alcohol (30 EO) ethoxylate, from 9-dodecen-1 -ol. Aqricultural Products: Nonionic Emulsifiers. Nonionic samples contain a low amount of water (<1 %) and are prepared as emulsifiable concentrates with three pesticides using two different solvent systems. Essay About Cross! In the aromatic solvent series, the nonionic sample replaces Toximul® 8240 (castor oil ethoxylate, 36 POE, Stepan), and in the Hallcomid™ (N,N-dimethylcaprylamide/ N,N- dimethylcapramide, Stepan) solvent series, the nonionic sample replaces Ninex® MT- 630F. The amounts prepared are enough to test two water hardnesses (34 ppm and 1000 ppm) for each of the and research three samples. Aromatic solvent series. Sample preparation: Ninate 60E (calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate, Stepan) and the test sample are stirred until homogeneous. Essays And Aphorisms By Schopenhauer! If needed, the nonionic surfactant is melted in an oven at 50-60°C prior to its combination with Ninate 60E. Controls 1 -3 are made by thesis, using Toximul 8240 in the amounts indicated instead of the nonionic sample. Formulations: 1 . Bifenthrin, 240 g/L (2.99 g), Aromatic 100 (ExxonMobil, 8.05 g), Ninate 60E (0.38 g), and nonionic sample or Toximul 8240 (0.58 g). 2. Embodiment Essays! 2,4-D ester, 480 g/L (8.90 g), Exxsol® D-1 10 (ExxonMobil, 2.50 g), Ninate 60E (0.36 g), and thesis paper nonionic sample or Toximul 8240 (0.24 g). 3. Tebuconazole, 360 g/L (4.45 g), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (6.35 g), Ninate 60E (0.48 g), nonionic sample or Toximul 8240 (0.72 g). Hallcomid solvent series. Sample preparation: The surfactants are combined and essay about cross country stirred until homogeneous, with the nonionic sample melted if needed prior to and research paper difference, combination. Controls 1 -3 are made by using Ninex MT-630F in analysis essay, the amounts indicated instead of the nonionic sample. 1 . Bifenthrin, 240 g/L (2.99 g), Hallcomid M-8-10 (8.29 g), Ninate 60E (0.09 g), Toximul 8320 (0.22 g), Toximul 8242 (0.29 g), and nonionic sample or Ninex MT-630F (0.13 g). 2. 2,4-D diester, 480 g/L (8.90 g), Hallcomid M-8-10 (2.38 g), Ninate 60E (0.09 g), Toximul 8320 (0.22 g), Toximul 8242 (0.29 g), and nonionic sample or Ninex MT-630F (0.13 g). 3. Thesis Paper Difference! Tebuconazole, 360 g/L (4.45 g), Hallcomid M-8-10 (6.83 g), Ninate 60E (0.09 g), Toximul 8320 (0.22 g), Toximul 8242 (0.29 g), and nonionic sample or Ninex MT-630F (0.13 g). Emulsion Stability Testing. ASTM E1 1 16-98 (2008) is modified as follows. Flat-bottomed, 100-mL graduated cylinders are charged with 34 ppm or 1000 ppm water (95 mL). A Mohr pipette is on queen, used to feed pesticide/surfactant concentrates to paper difference, each cylinder. Cylinders are stoppered and inverted ten times, then allowed to stand for 0.5, 1 , and 24 h while recording stability at each time as type and % separation. Spontaneity is recorded according to the following criteria: (1 ) poor: very thin emulsion cloud with major separation of oil droplets; (2) fair: thin emulsion cloud with minor separation of oil droplets; (3) good: thin emulsion cloud reaches the bottom of the cylinder without separation of any type. Results with both solvent systems are provided in is accounting a good career choice, Tables 1A, 1 B, 2A, and 2B. Each sample reported in the tables is rated "good" overall as a nonionic surfactant. Table 1A. Performance as a Nonionic Surfactant: Aromatic Solvents. Spontaneity: G=good; F=fair; P=poor. Appearance: C=creamy; CO=creamy oil; 0=oil; GC=gritty cream; NS=no separation; OC=oily cream. Numbers are amounts in ml_. Control 1 replaces test sample with Toximul 8240 (castor oil ethoxylate). Table 1 B. Performance as a Nonionic Surfactant: Aromatic Solvents (cont.) Spontaneity: G=good; F=fair; P=poor. Appearance: C=creamy; CO=creamy oil; 0=oil; GC=gritty cream; OC=oily cream. Tr.=trace. Numbers are amounts in mL. Control 1 replaces test sample with Toximul 8240 (castor oil ethoxylate). Table 2A. Performance as a Nonionic Surfactant: Hallcomid Solvent. 34 ppm water 1000 ppm water pesticide Spon. Paper! 1 h 24 h Spon. 1 h 24 h. Bifenthrin G 6 OC 6 0 G 6 0C 6 O. Control 2,4-D F 5 C 9.8 C F 5.5 C 9.5 C 2 Tebucon. G 1 C 4 C G 1 C 4 C, 4 CO. Bifenthrin F NS NS F Tr. GC, 12 C 3.5 O, 3 CO. A10-4 2,4-D F 6 C 9.5 C F 6.5 C 8 C. Tebucon. F 3 C 6.5 C F 4 C 5.8 C. Bifenthrin F NS NS P 10 CO 3 0, 3 CO. A10-7 2,4-D F 5.6 C 10 C F 6 C 7.5 C. Tebucon. F 2.5 C 5 C F 3 C 5 C. Bifenthrin G NS NS F 6.5 CO 4 0, 2 CO. A10-10 2,4-D F 5 C 9.9 C F 6 C 8 C. Tebucon. F 2 C 5 C F 3.5 C 2 CO, 5 C. Bifenthrin G NS NS F 6.4 CO 6 0. A10-13 2,4-D P 4.5 C 8.2 C F 5 C 7.8 C. Tebucon. F 2.1 C 4.9 C F 3 C 5.5 C. Bifenthrin G NS NS F 5.5 CO 5.4 0. A10-16 2,4-D P 4.4 C 8.5 C P 4.8 C 7.6 C. Tebucon. F 1 C NS F 2 C 4.7 C. Spontaneity: G=good; F=fair; P=poor. Appearance: C=creamy; CO=creamy oil; 0=oil; GC=gritty cream; NS=no separation; OC=oily cream. Essay College Rubric! Tr.=trace. Numbers are amounts in thesis and research, ml_. Control 2 replaces test sample with Ninex MT-630F (fatty acid ethoxylate). Table 2B. Performance as a Nonionic Surfactant: Hallcomid Solvent (cont.) 34 ppm water 1000 ppm water pesticide Spon. 1 h 24 h Spon. Crystal! 1 h 24 h. Bifenthrin G 6 OC 6 0 G 6 OC 6 O. Control 2,4-D F 5 C 9.8 C F 5.5 C 9.5 C 2 Tebucon. G 1 C 4 C G 1 C 4 C, 4 CO. Bifenthrin G NS NS F 1 1 C 2 O, 3 CO. A12-4 2,4-D F 6.2 C 8.8 C F 6.9 C 8.6 C. Tebucon. F 3.1 C 5.9 C F 3.1 C 6 C. Bifenthrin G NS NS F 10.2 C 2 0, 3.5 CO. A12-7 2,4-D F 6 C 10 C F 6.7 C 8.2 C. Tebucon. F 2 C 5.1 C F 2.7 C 4.9 C. Bifenthrin G NS Tr. C F 6.1 O 3 0, 2 CO. A12-10 2,4-D P 5.3 C 9.2 C F 6.8 C 8.7 C. Tebucon. F 2.1 C 5.1 C F 2 C 4.2 C. Bifenthrin G NS Tr. C F 5.1 CO 3 0, 2 CO. A12-13 2,4-D P 4.4 C 9.6 C F 5.2 C 9 C. Tebucon. Thesis And Research Difference! F 1.3 C 4.1 C G 1.8 C 4.3 C. Bifenthrin G NS NS F 6.2 CO 2 0, 3.6 CO. A12-16 2,4-D P 4.5 C 8.5 C P 4 C 7 C. Tebucon. Essays And Aphorisms! F 1.5 C 3 C F 1.5 C 3 C. Spontaneity: G=good; F=fair; P=poor. Appearance: C=creamy; CO=creamy oil; 0=oil; NS=no separation; OC=oily cream. Tr.=trace. Numbers are amounts in ml_. Control 2 replaces test sample with Ninex MT-630F (fatty acid ethoxylate). Agrichemical Solvent Analysis: Active Solubility. Solvency strength of potential agrichemical solvents is evaluated by identifying the solubility level of three standard pesticides in paper, the solvent by on queen hatshepsut, weight percent: 2,4-D acid, imidacloprid, and paper tebuconazole. Testing is college rubric, performed using a 4-mL vial with a pane magnetic stirrer and an accurately weighed 2 to 2.2-g sample of solvent. The active material is also accurately weighed before addition. Initial amounts of active material are approximately: 2,4-D: 0.3 g; imidacloprid: 0.02 g; tebuconazole: 0.3 g. Solvent and pesticide active are combined, allowed to and research paper difference, mix for 1 h at room temperature, and then inspected for the presence of essay about, undissolved active material. Additional active material is added in appropriately small increments until it no longer dissolves completely. Paper! This mixture is then stirred for embodiment on gender, 24 h at room temperature, and if the active has completely dissolved, additional active ingredient is thesis, added and the mixture is stirred another 24 h at room temperature. The percent solubility is recorded, and performance is compared with that of a standard agricultural solvent. When the career method outlined above is followed, two samples, A10-7 and A10-10, perform as well as the thesis and research paper control in this test. See Table 3: Surfactant phase behavior study: Phase behavior is observed using an Olympus BH-2 cross-polarized microscope at 100-400X and room temperature (20°C to 22°C). Hatshepsut! The inventive monounsaturated alcohol ethoxylates are compared with their saturated analogs. Samples are prepared by diluting the most concentrated product gradually with deionized water. Paper Difference! When the surfactant concentration approaches a phase transition, the concentration is analysis essay rubric, varied at 2-4% intervals to estimate the phase boundary. And Research! The actives level reported in Table 4 for crystal, each phase boundary is within ± 5% of the true boundary. Samples are loaded between a microscope slide and cover glass and are allowed to equilibrate before observation. Microscopic texture is analyzed and used to determine the phase. For some samples, an thesis and research paper difference AR 2000 rheometer (TA Instruments) is used to measure viscosity at 25°C to further verify phase behavior. At low surfactant concentrations, randomly oriented micelles (spheres or cylinders) generally predominate, resulting in a clear or isotropic liquid. And Aphorisms By Schopenhauer! As concentration increases, cylindrical micelles can arrange themselves into either hexagonal or cubic phases, both of thesis difference, which have very high viscosities (10-50K cP at 25°C for the hexagonal phase, higher for essays by schopenhauer, the cubic phase). Thus, in thesis and research, the hexagonal and cubic phases, the surfactant is difficult to process or formulate. Increasing the surfactant concentration more can generate a lamellar phase, where micellar bilayers are separated by water. Because the lamellar phase is pumpable (1 -15K cP at 25°C), compositions having high levels of surfactant actives can be produced. Further concentration of the crystal surfactant can lead to reverse micelles, in some cases generating an isotropic mixture. In sum, phase behavior is important for manufacture, processing, transportation, and thesis paper formulation of compositions containing surfactants. An ideal sample is isotropic and clear throughout the entire range of analysis, active levels with low viscosity, as this is most likely to avoid any processing issues related with gelling or precipitation during formulation. Isotropic opaque, mixed isotropic and thesis and research paper difference lamellar, and lamellar phases are also considered favorable for ease of processing and formulating. Less favorable gel phases include cubic, hexagonal, and paste. Essay! The presence of these phases at a particular actives level suggests that processing at or near that actives level will be very difficult, and precipitation of the surfactant may occur when used at and research paper difference or near that actives level. Results of the microscopy study appear in Table 4. In general, the results demonstrate that the inventive monounsaturated compositions are more likely to have a clear isotropic phase over most or all actives ranges compared with their saturated analogs (see, e.g., A10-10 or A10-13 versus their saturated analogs). For samples in on gender and identity, which the same phases are present, the monounsaturated compositions tend to thesis paper, have a broader actives range for the more favorable phase. See, e.g., A10-7, in which the combined isotropic phases (clear and opaque) are about 50% of the essays by schopenhauer total, with the thesis and research difference balance being lamellar; in contrast, the essays saturated analog has about 38% of the isotropic phases. Paper! Similarly, in A12-7, the isotropic portion comprises about 66% of the total, while the saturated analog has about 38% of the isotropic phases. The monounsaturated compositions are less likely to is accounting a good career, have the more troublesome gel phases (hexagonal, cubic, and paste); when they are present in the monounsaturated compositions, the ranges tend to be narrower. For instance, A10-16 is isotropic and thesis and research paper clear up to career choice, about 93% actives, with no cubic component, while its saturated analog exhibits a cubic phase at intermediate actives levels (37-55%); this should translate into a substantial advantage in thesis paper difference, handling and formulating for the unsaturated composition. A12-13 and its saturated analog both have a hexagonal phase, but A12-13 has more generous isotropic regions (0-35%, 57-100%) and choice no lamellar component. In sum, the microscopy study indicates that the inventive monounsaturated compositions will offer compatibility and processing advantages to and research paper, formulators that use these surfactants, particularly when compared to the saturated analogs. Hard-Surface Cleaners: Aqueous Degreasers. This test measures the ability of a cleaning product to remove a greasy dirt soil from a white vinyl tile. The test is automated and essays on gender uses an industry standard Gardner Straight Line Washability Apparatus. Thesis! A camera and controlled lighting are used to take a live video of the cleaning process. And Aphorisms By Schopenhauer! The machine uses a sponge wetted with a known amount of and research paper difference, test product. Is Accounting Career In Canada! As the machine wipes the sponge across the soiled tile, the thesis and research difference video records the about running cross country result, from which a cleaning percentage can be determined. A total of 10 strokes are made using test formulation diluted 1 :32 with water, and cleaning is calculated for each of strokes 1 -10 to provide a profile of the cleaning efficiency of the product. The test sample is used as a component of different control formulations depending on whether it anionic, amphoteric, or nonionic. Nonionic and amphoteric test samples: A neutral, dilutable all-purpose cleaner is thesis paper difference, prepared from propylene glycol n- propyl ether (4.0 g), butyl carbitol (4.0 g), sodium citrate (4.0 g), Stepanol® WA-Extra PCK (sodium lauryl sulfate, Stepan, 1 .0 g), test sample (0.90 g if 100% active material), and deionized water (to 100.0 g solution). The control sample for nonionic/amphoteric testing replaces the test sample with Bio-Soft® EC-690 (ethoxylated alcohol, nominally 90% active material, Stepan, 1 .0 g). Tiles are soiled with a particulate medium (50 mg) and an oil medium (5 drops). The particulate medium is composed of by schopenhauer, (in parts by weight) hyperhumus (39), paraffin oil (1 ), used motor oil (1 .5), Portland cement (17.7), silica (18), molacca black (1 .5), iron oxide (0.3), bandy black clay (18), stearic acid (2), and oleic acid (2). The oil medium is composed of and research paper difference, kerosene (12), Stoddard solvent (12), paraffin oil (1 ), SAE-10 motor oil (1 ), Crisco® shortening, product of essays on gender, J.M. Smucker Co. (1 ), olive oil (3), linoleic acid (3), and squalene (3). Five alcohol ethoxylate samples (A10-16, A12-10, A12-13, A12-16, and A12-21 ) perform as well as the control in this test (see Tables 5 and 6). Difference! Table 5. Control Runs for Gardner Straight Line Washability Test. Ave. Essay Rubric! % clean after 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 swipes. Control 1 1 53.0 61.0 63.6 64.6 66.2. Control 20 65.0 70.7 72.2 73.7 74.0. Control 30 73.6 88.2 94.7 96.6 98.0. Fabric Cleaning: Primary Nonionic Surfactant for Bargain Laundry Detergent This method evaluates the ability of an thesis and research paper difference experimental sample to perform as a primary nonionic surfactant in a bargain laundry detergent formulation that contains neutralized dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, a non-ionic surfactant (such as an ethoxylated (7 EO) synthetic C12-C15 alcohol), citric acid, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine, and a preservative. The experimental nonionic sample replaces all of the alcohol ethoxylate in the standard formulation and essays is tested for difference, its detergency. Laundry detergent formula (46 g) is charged to cross country, the laundry machine, followed by soiled/stained fabric swatches that are attached to pillowcases. Wash temperature: 90°F. Thesis Paper Difference! Rinse: 70°F. The swatches are detached from pillowcases, dried, and ironed. Swatches are scanned to measure the L * a * b * values, which are used to calculate a soil removal index (SRI) for each type of swatch. Finally, the ASRI is calculated, which equals the experimental sample SRI minus the SRI of a predetermined standard laundry detergent formula (or control). Essay Running Cross Country! When | ASRl | > 1 , differences are perceivable to the naked eye. Difference! If the value of ASRI is a good career choice, greater than or equal to 1 , the sample is superior. If ASRI is less than or equal to -1 , the sample is inferior. Thesis And Research Difference! If ASRI is greater than -1 and embodiment essays less than 1 , the sample is considered equal to the standard. The control bargain laundry detergent is prepared from sodium hydroxide- neutralized dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (NaLAS, Bio-Soft ® S-101 , Stepan, 33.9% actives, 41 .3 wt.%), Bio-Soft ® N25-7 (fatty alcohol ethoxylate, Stepan, 5.00 wt.%), citric acid (50% aq. solution, 1 .00 wt.%), monoethanolannine (1 .00 wt.%), thethanolamine (1 .00 wt.%), and deionized water plus preservative (balance to 100 wt.%). In the experimental example, the Bio-Soft ® N25-7 is thesis and research paper difference, completely replaced with an equivalent actives amount of the test sample. The formulation is made by charging 90% of the analysis college rubric total amount of water at paper difference 50°C, then adding in order, with mixing, citric acid solution, monoethanolamine, triethanolamine, neutralized sulfonic acid, and Bio-Soft ® N25-7 or the experimental sample. Essays! The pH is adjusted to 9.5 with 25% aq. Thesis Difference! NaOH solution, and essay country then preservative and the balance of the water are added. The following standard soiled/stained fabric swatches are used: dust sebum on cotton (DSC); dust sebum on cotton/polyester (DSCP); beef tallow (BT); clay on and research paper difference, cotton (CC); clay on embodiment essays on gender, cotton/polyester (CCP); grass on cotton (GC); red wine on cotton (RWC); blueberry on cotton (BC); coffee on cotton (COFC); cocoa on cotton (EMPA 1 12); blood/ink/milk on cotton (EMPA 1 16); sebum tefo (ST), and make-up on difference, cotton (EMPA 143). At least three of each kind of swatch are used per wash. Swatches are stapled to pillowcases for laundering, and extra pillowcases are included to complete a six-pound load. The same procedure is used to launder all of the pillowcases/swatches, with care taken to on queen, ensure that water temperature, wash time, manner of addition, etc. are held constant for the cold-water wash process. When the cycle is paper, complete, swatches are removed from the analysis rubric pillowcases, dried at low heat on thesis, a rack, and pressed briefly with a dry iron. A Hunter LabScan ® XE spectrophotometer is used to determine the L * a * b * values to embodiment on gender and identity, calculate the SRI for every type of swatch, and the stain removal index (SRI) is calculated as follows: SRI = 100 - * clean - L * washed ) 2 + (fl * clean - d * washed 2 + (b ' clean— U washed. SRI— SRIsample— SRIs tan dard As shown in Table 7, four test samples (A12-10, A12-13, A12-21 , and A14-8) perform as well as the control sample when evaluated as a primary nonionic surfactant. Fabric Cleaning: Compaction. This test evaluates the ability of an difference expehmental sample to produce a concentrated laundry detergent. The sample is formulated into surfactant blends having high actives content. On Queen Hatshepsut! Two experimental derivatives, A12-13 and A12-21 , are evaluated. In a first experiment, a three-component surfactant blend is prepared. This blend comprises the experimental sample (30 wt.%), a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (15 wt.%), and an alkyl ether sulfate (15 wt.%). The appearance and viscosity of the paper blend are compared with those of similar three-component blends in which a standard alcohol ethoxylate replaces the experimental sample. Is Accounting A Good Career Choice In Canada! Results appear in Table 8. As the table illustrates, the surfactant blends containing A12-13 or A12-21 have similar appearance and viscosity to those of the control blends. In a second experiment, a two-component surfactant blend is thesis and research, prepared in dissertation photonic crystal, which the paper expehmental sample and a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate are combined at a 1 :1 actives ratio, beginning with a high actives blend having a cloudy appearance. Water is gradually added and mixed with the surfactant blend at room temperature. The percent actives at which the surfactant blend becomes clear and homogeneous at dissertation room temperature is paper difference, compared with that of a control blend of a standard alcohol ethoxylate and the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. Results appear in Table 8. For both A12-13 and A12-21 , the about running actives level at paper which the blend is clear and homogeneous at room temperature is comparable to that of the standards. Based on the results with two- and three-component surfactant blends, experimental samples A12-13 and A12-21 are rated as equal to the standards. Solubility Evaluation: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Derivatives are evaluated as the main surfactant in control formulations to determine likely solubility performance in an EOR application. On Queen! Samples are prepared in a 10% stock solution and evaluated at 1 wt.% with a brine concentration of 1 % sodium chloride. Replicate experiments are performed at each temperature with each sample. Results appear in Table 9. Table 9: Solubility Evaluation for and research difference, EOR Applications. Sample Temperature (°C) Soluble? Comments. control 20.7 no white, hazy. A10-7 20.7 no white, opaque control 51 .5 no white, hazy. A10-7 51 .5 no white, opaque control 56.1 no white, hazy. A10-7 56.1 no white, hazy. Overall performance of running cross, A10-7: Equal to control. Control = fatty alcohol ethoxylate. Performance as a Foamer or Foam Additive for paper difference, Specialty Foamer Applications. Specialty foamer applications include (among others) gypsum, concrete, and fire- fighting foams. The tests below evaluate foam stability when the sample is used as the primary foamer and also evaluate the sample's performance as an dissertation photonic additive when used as a foam stabilizer, enhancer, or destabilizer. Particularly for gypsum, for which set-up times are rapid on commercial production lines, a desirable foam additive helps to thesis and research paper, control the coalescence of the embodiment and identity bubble to provide a larger bubble within a prescribed time frame. Preferably, destabilization of the foam occurs at thesis difference the end of the first minute in is accounting a good career choice, the tests below. Thesis And Research Difference! A10- 13 is embodiment essays, identified as a "good" performer as a gypsum foam destabilizer in Table 10 because it allows this balance to be struck effectively. Foam Stability: Drainage Method. Surfactant solutions (0.4 wt.% active material) are prepared by mixing surfactant with 342 ppm hard water. Surfactant solution (100 ml_) is carefully transferred to a stainless-steel mixing cup, then mixed at high speed (27K rpm) using a Hamilton Beach mixer for 10 s. Thesis And Research! The contents are quickly poured into a 100-mL graduated cylinder to the 100-mL mark, and a stopwatch is immediately started. The amount of liquid settling in the cylinder is recorded every 15 s for 4 min. Less liquid drained indicates greater foam stability. Performance as a Paint Additive Formulations: Titanium dioxide slurry (Dupont Ti-Pure® R746) is charged to a container, followed by deionized water and propylene glycol, and the contents are mixed (500 rpm). Latex (49% solids) and preservative (Acticide® GA, product of Thor) are added. Thickener (Acrysol™ SCT-275, product of Dow, 0.3%) is slowly charged below the liquid surface by syringe. The pH is adjusted to essays and identity, 9.0 using ammonium hydroxide solution. Thesis And Research Paper! The batch is mixed for 30 min. and embodiment then allowed to stand for at least 2 h. The batch is remixed gently, and a portion (240 g) is transferred to paper, a 400-mL beaker. Solvent ((_½ amide, 0.5% VOC, EPA Method 24, 5 wt.% based on latex solids) and derivative A12-16 (1 % active based on latex solids) are added and essay country mixed at 650 rpm. Viscosity is adjusted to an initial KU of 90 with more thickener. The paint is covered and final KU is measured after 24 h. Its value falls within the range of 93-100 KU and varies from the original measurement by no more than 5 KU. Example formulation: T1O2 (solids basis): 24.35 wt.%; water: 46.39 wt.%; propylene glycol 2.59 wt.%; latex (solids basis) 22.76%; ammonium hydroxide: 0.04 wt.%; preservative: 0.10 wt.%; control additive (solvent): 1 .14 wt.%; derivative (56% active): 0.40 wt.%; thickener: 2.23 wt.%. Thesis Paper Difference! PVC: 22.1 %. VOC: < 50 g/L. Final KU: 98.6. Essays! Wet Scrub Resistance/ ASTM 2486 Modified: Wet scrub resistance based on a modified version of ASTM-2486-00, method B; modified to % weight loss, is performed for each paint formulation . Paints are applied to Leneta P-1 21 -1 0N plastic panels using a 13-cm wide, 10-mil wet film applicator and dried under ambient conditions for five days prior to testing. And Research! The coated panels are then cut into strips (16.5 cm x 5.7 cm, two per drawdown). The strips are weighed prior to analysis essay college, testing . Difference! Two samples at career a time are placed on a Gardner Company scrub tester with approximately a 2" gap between the samples and taped to secure panels to the machine. And Research Difference! A spacer is placed over the samples to maintain the embodiment scrub brush pathway and and research paper difference further secure the dissertation crystal samples. A scrub brush (8 cm x 3 cm), preconditioned in room temperature water, is inserted into the holder. Thesis And Research Difference! Scrub compound (10 g, supplied by Leneta Company as "ASTM-2486 scrub compound") is applied evenly to the brush . Water (5 g) is placed into the gap between the samples. Essay! Samples are tested to 1200 cycles. Additional scrub compound (10 g) and water (5 g) are reapplied every 300 cycles. The strips are then rinsed under tepid water and dried for 24 h . The strips are reweighed and the % coating removed is determined. Gloss Determination - 60 20° - ASTM D523. Paints are applied to Leneta P-121 -1 0N plastic panels using a wet film applicator (1 3 cm x 10 mil) and and research difference dried under ambient conditions for 5 days prior to testing . Essay College Rubric! Gloss is and research, measured with an photonic ASTM accepted glossmeter (Gardco). Results: Sample A12-16 performs as well as the control surfactants as a paint additive (see Table 1 1 ). A reaction kettle is charged with sodium bicarbonate (0.50 g), water (225 g), and seed latex (30 g) and the mixture is and research, heated to and held at 83°C under nitrogen with stirring at hatshepsut 200 rpm. In a 1 -L beaker, surfactant A12-22 (0.50 % active surfactant based on total monomer) and water (150 g) are combined and thesis and research difference stirred. Methyl methacrylate (255 g), butyl acrylate (235 g), and methacrylic acid (10 g) are combined in is accounting career choice, an Erlenmeyer flask and mixed. The monomer mixture is thesis and research paper, added to photonic, the beaker containing water and A12-22 with increasing agitator speed, and the resulting mixture is stirred 10 min. or until completely emulsified to thesis, give a monomer emulsion. Separately, two other mixtures are prepared: an initiator shot mixture of dissertation photonic crystal, ammonium persulfate (1 .0 g) in water (20 g), and a cofeed mixture of difference, ammonium persulfate (2.70 g), sodium bicarbonate (1 .50 g), and water (75 g); the total amount of initiator used is embodiment essays, 0.74% based on monomers. The initiator shot is thesis paper, charged to the 83°C reaction kettle dropwise over 1 min, then held for 10 min. The monomer emulsion is is accounting, then fed to the kettle at 2.1 mL/min. for 10 min. The feed rate of the monomer emulsion is and research, increased to 4.2 mL/min., and essays on gender the cofeed mixture is started at 0.37 mL/min. Total addition time is 3 h, during which particle size and temperature are monitored. After addition of the monomer emulsion is complete, a water wash (50 g) is started, and heating at 83°C continues for 1 h. The product is cooled. The pH is adjusted to 7.5 with dilute ammonium hydroxide solution. A preservative is and research difference, added, and the mixture is filtered. Results appear in Table 12. The latex formulated using A12-22 is considered equal to the control and suitable for use in formulating a latex paint. The preceding examples are meant only essay hatshepsut as illustrations; the following claims define the invention.

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