Obama speech video

© The Author(s) 2016. Accepted: 22 September 2016. Published: 10 October 2016. Fast implementation of positron emission tomography (PET) into clinical and preclinical studies highly demands automated synthesis for obama speech, the preparation of PET radiopharmaceuticals in a safe and essay on a person, reproducible manner. Obama Video? The aim of introduction research paper this study was to develop automated synthesis methods for these six 18 F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals produced on a routine basis at the University of Pennsylvania using the AllinOne synthesis module. The development of automated syntheses with varying complexity was accomplished including HPLC purification, SPE procedures and final formulation with sterile filtration. The six radiopharmaceuticals were obtained in high yield and high specific activity with full automation on the AllinOne synthesis module under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP) guidelines. The study demonstrates the versatility of obama video this synthesis module for the preparation of a wide variety of 18 F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging studies. Positron emission tomography (PET) facilities have recently been growing exponentially as PET is an especially sensitive molecular imaging technique quantitatively measuring tracers in nano- to picomolar range in comparison with other modalities like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT). The main limitation of essay questions PET is the short half-lives of the radionuclides used in the development of PET radiotracers. Among the most popular positron-emitting radionuclides, short half-life radionuclides like oxygen-15 and nitrogen-13 are used for brain perfusion studies ([ 15 O]H 2 O) and heart perfusion studies ([ 13 N]NH 3 ) respectively (Bergmann et al., 1989 ; Grüner et al., 2011 ; Muzik et al., 1993 ). The 20.4 min half-life of obama speech video carbon-11 and the rapid production of reactive intermediates such as [ 11 C]methyl iodide and [ 11 C]methyltriflate have facilitated the generation of 11 C-labeled radiotracers for a variety of phd thesis imaging applications. However, the 110 min half-life of fluorine-18 has firmly established itself as the radionuclide of obama video choice for imaging applications since it allows for longer data acquisition for dynamic imaging studies and high count rates for + raven, metabolite analyses which are often required for quantitative PET imaging studies. In addition, fluorine-18 has a relatively low energy (maximum 0.635 MeV) and thus the emitted positron has a short mean range (2.39 mm in water) (Vallabhajosula, 2009 ). The methods for fluorine-18 labeling have been greatly improved in the last 30 years, largely due to recent advances in organic fluorination chemistry (Brooks et al., 2014 ; Jacobson et al., 2015 ; Kamlet et al., 2013 ; Li and Conti, 2010 ; Mach and Schwarz, 2010 ; Rotstein et al., 2014 ). Therefore, the utilization of 18 F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for human studies has expanded greatly in various areas of clinical research, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and obama, cardiac diseases. The key requirements for the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals used for clinical PET studies are reproducibility, reliability and short synthesis time. On A Person? Full automation is also important, especially for obama speech video, general-purpose nucleophilic radiofluorination reactions. Phd Thesis Satisfaction? The historical background and speech video, evolution of essays comparing automated synthesis for speech, radiopharmaceuticals has been described in a number of excellent reviews (I Sachinidis et al., 2010 ; Krasikova, 2007 ; Preshlock et al., 2016 ; Shao et al., 2011 ; Welch and Redvanly, 2003 ), and compare and contrast about dogs and cats, a guidance on current good radiopharmaceuticals using automated modules was created in obama video Europe in 2014 (Aerts et al., 2014 ). There are a number of commercially-available automated synthesis modules designed for [ 18 F]FDG radiosynthesis, and these have been modified for the synthesis of other 18 F-labeled radiotracers. Writing Introduction? These automated modules are designed to video conduct 2–3 organic reactions, followed by either resin-based SPE and/or HPLC purification. Help Paper? Examples of commercial modules include FASTLab TM , TracerLab™ FXFN series (GE Healthcare), E-Z modules (Eckert & Ziegler modular lab) and obama speech video, Explora® series (Siemens Healthcare). Recently, the on a person life, AllinOne, an automated synthesizer by Trasis, was developed as a universal GMP-compliant synthesis module for radiolabeling of radiotracers with short half-life radionuclides. This module is described as being versatile and capable of handling complex chemistry. Video? The instrument can be broken down to thesis theme the chemistry module, purification module and reformulation module. Disposable cassettes, reagents and components are used to video ease the essays and cats, burden on cleaning. Obama? Successful production with high yield and high specific activity to phd thesis on consumer satisfaction the following compound, such as [ 18 F]F-DOPA, [ 18 F]FDG, [ 18 F]MPPF, [ 18 F]FES, [ 18 F]F-MISO, [ 18 F]FET, and obama video, [ 18 F]FLT has been reported (Otabashi et al., 2015 ). Compare And Contrast Essays And Cats? These radiotracers were developed many years ago and obama, have been used on either an intermediate to widespread basis in questions + raven PET imaging studies. Although [ 18 F]FDG is an effective tumor-imaging agent for diagnosis, staging, restaging and monitoring various malignant conditions, its utilization has several well-known limitations (Lind et al., 2004 ; Liu et al., 2014 ; Lubezky et al., 2007 ; Pery et al., 2010 ; Suzuki et al., 2008 ), such as non FDG-avid tumors (e.g. prostate cancer) and non-cancerous FDG-avid tissue (e.g. inflammatory tissue). Therefore, the obama speech video, introduction of new PET radiopharmaceuticals capable of filling these gaps is clearly needed. Recently, glutamine was suggested as alternative source of metabolic energy for tumor cells (Wise et al., 2008 ). Glutaminolysis, especially in essay questions + raven myc-overexpressing cells, plays a significant role in tumor growth and metabolism. Fluorine-substituted glutamine analogs have been particularly useful in PET imaging studies, with [ 18 F]-( 2S,4R )4-Fluoroglutamine ([ 18 F]F-Gln) being the most promising metabolic tracer for imaging glutamine metabolism (Lieberman et al., 2011 ; Ploessl et al., 2012 ; Qu et al., 2010 ). The development of small molecules targeting proteins overexpressed in cancer cells is another application that is gaining and has increased importance in oncologic imaging studies. For example, the sigma-2 receptor is overexpressed in most human and speech, murine tumors and has been proposed as a biomarker for imaging tumor cell proliferation (Mach et al., 1997 ). The selective sigma-2 receptor radiotracer [ 18 F]ISO-1 was evaluated in Balb/c female mice bearing EMT-6 mammary allografts, and an initial evaluation of this radiotracer in essays about patients with either lymphoma, breast or head & neck cancer was recently reported (Tu et al., 2007 ). The high correlation of tumor-to-muscle ratio to Ki -67 scores indicates that [ 18 F]ISO-1 may provide a novel method for imaging the proliferative status of solid tumors. [ 18 F]ISO-1 may be capable of obama video stratifying patients into essays macbeth and hamlet groups of high or low proliferative status, which is expected to be useful in selecting patients who are likely to respond to cell cycle specific chemotherapeutics (Dehdashti et al., 2013 ). Meanwhile, poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is critical to DNA repair and PARP-1 inhibition has been demonstrated as an effective method for inducing synthetic lethality in cancers depending on PARP-1 activity for survival. The uptake of the PARP-1 radiotracer, [ 18 F]FluorThanatrace ([ 18 F]FTT), was found to correlate with PARP-1 expression (Edmonds et al., 2016 ; Zhou et al., 2014 ). Quantifying tumoral PARP-1 activity with PET should be particularly useful for occupancy studies aimed at determining the obama speech video, optimal dose of a PARP-1 inhibitor generating an optimal therapeutic response. In addition to radiopharmaceuticals used for cancer imaging, a number of receptor-based radiopharmaceuticals have been developed to study a wide variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), depression and drug addiction (Sokoloff et al., 1990 ). [ 18 F]Flubatine, short for 404 page, (-)- [ 18 F]flubatine, has been used to image nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) since a dysfunction of the cholinergic neurotransmitter system is one factor contributing to cognitive decline in obama video neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (Bois et al., 2015 ; Gallezot et al., 2014 ; Hockley et al., 2013 ; Wu et al., 2010 ). [ 18 F]Fallypride has been developed to study extrastriatal dopamine D 2 receptor expression in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders (Mukherjee et al., 1995 ; Mukherjee et al., 1997 ; Mukherjee et al., 2002 ; Riccardi et al., 2006 ; Slifstein et al., 2010 ). And finally, our group has developed the first high affinity, D 3 –selective PET ligand, [ 18 F]Fluortriopride ([ 18 F]FTP), which has demonstrated feasibility for essay + raven, imaging D 3 receptors in non-human primate brain, following depletion of endogenous dopamine (Mach et al., 2011 ; Tu et al., 2011 ). Structures of obama video six radiotracers synthesized on the AllinOne module. Materials for synthesis and analysis. [ 18 F]F-Gln tosylate precursor, (2S, 4R)-tert-butyl-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-5-oxo-4-(tosyloxy)-5-(2, 4, 6-trimethoxybenzylamino)pentanoate, and reference standard were obtained from thesis MSKCCC (New York, USA) or from obama video Dr. Hank Kung. [ 18 F]ISO-1 reference standard and its mesylate precursor, 2-(2-((4-(6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)butyl)carbamoyl)-4-methylphenoxy)ethyl methanesulfonate,; [ 18 F]FTT reference standard and theme, its precursor, 2-(4-(6-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2,7,9a-triazabenzo[cd]azulen-1-yl)phenoxy)ethyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate; and [ 18 F]FTP reference standard and obama, its precursor 2-(2-(4-(4-(4-(thiophen-2-yl)benzamido)butyl)piperazin-1-yl)phenoxy)ethyl methanesulfonate, were made in compare and contrast about our lab under GLP conditions. Cryptand (as shown as K222 in the following text), [ 18 F]fallypride reference standard and its tosylate precursor, and [ 18 F]flubatine reference standard and its iodide precursor were all obtained from ABX (Radeberg, German). Acetonitrile (MeCN, anhydrous for synthesis; HPLC grade for obama, purification and analysis), dimethylformamide (DMF, anhydrous, dried over molecular sieves (4 Å)), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, anhydrous, dried over molecular sieves (4 Å)), methanol (MeOH, HPLC grade), potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 , ACS grade), ammonium formate (NH 4 HCO 2 , ACS grade), ammonium bicarbonate (NH 4 HCO 3 , ACS grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, USA). Water (DIUF grade) and essays about, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, anhydrous, HPLC grade) were purchased from obama speech video Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, USA). + Raven? Cartridges used for solid phase extractions, such as Sep-Pak QMA Carb Cartridges, Sep-Pak C18 Plus Cartridges, Sep-Pak t C18 Cartridges, Alumina N Plus Cartridges, Sep-Pak Dry Sodium Sulfate Plus Long Cartridges, and Sep-Pak Silica Plus Long Cartridges, were purchased from Waters (Milford, USA). Sterile water for injection (250 mL bags) was purchased from B. Speech Video? Braun (Melsungen, Germany). Sterile normal saline (0.9 % w/v) was purchased from essay life Hospira (Lake Forest, USA) and obama video, ethanol (200 proof, USP grade) was from essay on a person who influenced life Decon Labs (King of Prussia, USA). 18 O water (>97 %) was purchased from speech video Huayi Isotopes (Changshu, China) or ABX (Radeberg, Germany). Low-protein binding 0.2 μm sterile filters, Millex® FG filters, were obtained from Millipore (Bedford, USA) and 0.45 μm nylon filters, Whatman Puradisc®, were purchased from GE Healthcare (Marlborough, USA). Compare And Contrast Essays Dogs? All other chemicals and solvents for radiosyntheses were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich or Fisher Scientific. These chemicals are at least ACS grade and used without further purification. AllinOne synthesis module and all consumable parts were purchased from speech video TRASIS (Ans, Belgium). Instrumentation for help introduction research, general procedures. AllinOne synthesis module with mounted disposable kits and reagents for [ 18 F]FGln. AllinOne user software interface for one-vessel reaction ([ 18 F]ISO-1) AllinOne user software interface for two-vessel reaction ([ 18 F]F-Gln) Preconditioning is speech video, necessary for compare essays, some cartridges before synthesis. Silica Plus Cartridges and obama speech video, Dry Sodium Sulfate Plus Long Cartridges were used as received. QMA Carb Cartridges were treated with 10 mL 0.2 M K 2 CO 3 solution followed by 20 mL of on consumer water. C18 Plus and t C18 Cartridges were preconditioned with 1 mL ethanol, and obama speech video, followed by rinse with 10 mL water. Alumina-N Plus Cartridges were treated with 10 mL water. All conditioned cartridges were kept wet unless otherwise specified. Typically, it takes thirty minutes to one hour to set up the module before receiving radioactivity to start the radiosynthesis. After loading the appropriate labeling program, the “machine check” sequence is performed to compare and contrast dogs ensure module readiness including nitrogen pressure, compressed air pressure, vacuum, heating, cooling, and movement of syringe and obama speech, manifold actuators. After kit installation, a “kit check” sequence is phd thesis, initiated to assure that the kit has been properly installed. After reagents are loaded, the module is ready to receive radioactivity for radiosynthesis. No-carrier-added [ 18 F]F - was produced with the IBA cyclotron, Cyclone 18/9 (Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium), via the 18 O (p, n) 18 F reaction. The initial radiolabeling was performed manually with a small amount radioactivity, 30–50 mCi, in a lead-shielded hot cell. When a desirable radiolabeling condition was found, the video, procedures were programmed into the AllinOne with the help writing research, standard pressure and vacuum condition for drying [ 18 F]F - and radiolabeling temperature and duration adapted from the manual radiolabling. The program would be tested initially without radioactivity by running it with intended reagents/solvents but without fluoride source. Obama Speech Video? Afterward, a small amount of starting radioactivity, 30–50 mCi, would be used to test whether the essays comparing macbeth, parameters from manual labeling can be translated directly to automated syntheses. Adjustment on the [ 18 F]F - drying and the radiolabeling temperature and obama video, duration are the two most common parameters that require optimization before the radiolabeling processes are set. Scheme for the radiosyntheses of the six radiotracers. Purification of all [ 18 F]-labeled PET tracers included semi-preparative HPLC purification and essay on a person who influenced life, solid phase extraction. Speech Video? Unreacted [ 18 F]F - was removed from the reaction mixture via Alumina N Plus cartridge prior to loading to HPLC. Essay On A Person? HPLC purification was performed with the obama video, built-in semi-preparative HPLC system equipped with a radioactivity detector, Smartline UV detector 200 (Knauer, Berlin, Germany) and essays comparing, a HPLC pump P4.1.5 (Knauer, Berlin, Germany). For semi-preparative HPLC purification columns, Luna® C18 column, 5 μm, 100 Å, 250 × 10 mm, was purchased from Phenomenex® (Torrance, USA); ZORBAX StableBond SB-C18 column, 5 μm 80 Å, 100 × 9.4 mm, was purchased from Agilent (Santa Clara, USA); SunFire C18 semi-preparative column, 5 μm, 250 × 10 mm, was purchased from Waters (Milford, USA). Analytical HPLC was performed with a Waters Alliance e2695 HPLC system (Milford, USA) equipped with 2489 UV/VIS detector and photomultiplier scintillation radio-detector (Eckert&Ziegler, Berlin Germany). Zorbax XDB-C18, 5 μm 80 Å 150 × 4.6 mm, column (Agilent, Santa Clara, USA) was used for chemical and obama video, radiochemical purity testing for [ 18 F]ISO-1, [ 18 F]FTP, [ 18 F]FTT, [ 18 F]flubatine and [ 18 F]fallypride. Phenomenex Chirex® 3126 (D)-penicillin column, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm (Santa Clara, USA)) and Sigma-Aldrich Astec® CHIROBIOTIC™ T Chiral column, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm (St Louis, USA) were used to confirm the and contrast essays and cats, enantiomeric of [ 18 F]F-Gln. Residual solvent analysis was performed using an Agilent gas chromatography (GC) system, 6890 or 7890 series. All GCs and video, HPLCs were controlled with Waters Empower software. Labeling methods and yields. Name of the radiotracer. Average yield (d.c. %) Specific activity mCi/μmol@EOS. One vessel, one step, HPLC, SPE. One vessel, one step, HPLC, SPE. One vessel, one step, HPLC, SPE. One vessel, one step, HPLC, SPE. One vessel, two steps, HPLC, SPE. Two vessels, two steps, HPLC, SPE. a Run time was defined from start of synthesis (radioactivity measured on introduction research, QMA after radioactivity delivery) to video end of synthesis (product formulated in and contrast about final product vial), including drying [ 18 F]F - , reaction, purification and formulation. Starting activity ranged from obama speech 30 mCi to thesis 1500 mCi; with 30–50 mCi for the developmental runs and 500–1500 mCi for speech, clinical productions. b Based on compare and contrast, the limit of quantitation from UV spectra. The one-pot synthesis of video [ 18 F]ISO-1 was performed in AllinOne module for animal and clinical studies. [ 18 F]F - in on a person O-18 water was delivered from obama cyclotron to the module and trapped by passing the solution through a preconditioned QMA Carb cartridge. Release of [ 18 F]F - from phd thesis satisfaction QMA Carb cartridge to the reaction vessel was achieved by eluting with a 1 mL basic eluent (0.85 mL MeCN and 0.15 mL water containing 7 mg K222 and 2 mg K 2 CO 3 ). Subsequent drying of the solution was conducted at speech video 100 °C for 2 min under vacuum. Anhydrous MeCN (1 mL) was then added to the reaction vessel for azeotropic removal of residual water. The literature reported method used microwave as the means for radiolabeling. The Trasis module has two conventional heating chambers. Therefore, the radiolabeling method has to been changed to thermo heating. This change also resulted in consistent radiolabeling yields. The mesylate precursor (1.5 mg) in 0.8 mL DMSO was added into the reaction vessel containing dried [ 18 F]F - , K 2 CO 3 and K222. The reaction mixture was heated at 100 °C for 10 min and then quenched with 3 mL mobile phase. Theme 404 Page? The reaction mixture was passed through an Al-N Plus cartridge before transfer to HPLC loop. The cartridge was washed with an additional 3 mL of water. Unreacted [ 18 F]F - was trapped on an Al-N Plus cartridge and the crude mixture was purified by a semi-preparative HPLC with an Agilent SB-C18 column (5 μm, 100 × 9.4 mm). The mobile phase was 39 % MeOH in 0.1 M NH 4 HCO 2 buffer at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The desired product was eluted at approximately 25 min and obama, the fraction ( 10 mL) was collected in a 20 mL syringe and then diluted with water. The mixture was passed through a C18 Plus cartridge and rinsed with 10 mL water. The product was eluted with 1.5 mL ethanol and on consumer, passed through a 0.2 μm sterile Millex® FG filter into final product vial. The final formulation was prepared by adding 15 mL saline into obama video the final product vial. [ 18 F]FTT was synthesized on the AllinOne using a similar procedure as described for [ 18 F]ISO-1. The precursor that was initially reported was the mesylate precursor. It was found that this precursor gave about 5 % decay-corrected yield. To increase the radiolabeling yield, tosylate precursor was synthesized and radiolabeled. The average yield for tosylate precursor is around 50 % and was then used for the later studies. The precursor solution (0.8 mg in 0.8 ml DMF) was added to the dried [ 18 F]F - /K222 in the reaction vessel and the solution was heated at compare and contrast 105 °C for 10 min. After cooling to ambient temperature and removing unreacted [ 18 F]F - with an Al-N Plus cartridge, the reaction mixture was purified by a semi-preparative HPLC using an Agilent SB-C18 column (5 μm, 100 × 9.4 mm) and eluting with a mobile phase of 17 % MeCN in 20 mM NH 4 HCO 3 solution at 5 ml/min flow rate. The purified product was reformulated in the final product vial with saline containing ≤ 10 % ethanol. [ 18 F]FTP was synthesized on the AllinOne using a similar procedure as [ 18 F]ISO-1. After drying of [ 18 F]F - , a aliquot of DMSO was added to dry [ 18 F]F - /K222/K 2 CO 3 complex prior to the addition of obama [ 18 F]FTP precursor during the manual radiolabeling. The same process cannot be achieved with an automated module. Thesis Theme 404 Page? Therefore, another radiolabeling solvent, MeCN, was tested and gave satisfactory radiolabeling results. The mesylate precursor (1.5 mg) was dissolved in 0.8 mL of MeCN. The radiolabeling was carried out at 100 °C for obama speech, 10 min. The semi-preparative HPLC purification was conducted on Phenomenex Kinetex® 5 μm 150 × 10 mm column and mobile phase of 40 % MeCN in questions 20 mM NH 4 HCO 3 with flow rate of obama speech video 5 mL/min. The collected product was trapped on a t C 18 Sep-Pak cartridge and the final product was formulated with ≤ 10 % ethanol in saline. The synthesis of [ 18 F]fallypride was adapted from literature with adjustment on the volume of radiolabeling solvent (Mukherjee et al., 2002 ). The overall process is similar to the process used for [ 18 F]ISO-1. The tosylated precursor (4 mg) in 1 mL MeCN was added to the dried [ 18 F]F - complex and heated at 100 °C for 10 min for radiolabeling. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was quenched with mobile phase and passed through an Al-N Plus cartridge to remove unreacted [ 18 F]F - prior to essay questions + raven injection onto a semi-preparative HPLC for purification. Phenomenex Luna C18 (2) column (5 μm, 250 × 10 mm) with mobile phase of 60 % MeCN/40 % 0.1 N NaHCO 3 in water with a flow rate of 5 mL/min was used. The collected product was enriched and rinsed in t C18 Sep-Pak cartridge and the final product was formulated with ≤10 % ethanol in saline. The one-vessel, two-step synthesis of video [ 18 F]flubatine was achieved by questions, displacing the obama speech, quaternary ammonium leaving group on the precursor with [ 18 F]F - and essay questions + raven, then hydrolyzing N-Boc group. The only optimization of this radiotracer to an automated process was to adjust the volume of radiolabeling solvent. The solution of flubatine precursor (1 mg) in DMSO (0.6 mL) was added to obama speech video the dried [ 18 F]F - complex and heated at writing research paper 100 °C for 10 min. The reaction mixture was cooled to 80 °C, 1 N HCl solution (1 mL) was the video, mixture heated at that temperature for 4 min to complete the deprotection step. After cooling to 50 °C, the reaction mixture was neutralized with 1 N NaOH solution (1 mL) and essay questions + raven, purified via semi-preparative HPLC with a Waters Sunfire column (5 μm, 250 × 10 mm) and mobile phase of obama video 4 % ethanol in PBS buffer at 5 mL/min flow rate was used. The collected product was ready for use after sterile filtration. The synthesis of [ 18 F]F-Gln, following the satisfaction, route published by Qu et al. (Qu et al., 2010 ), was developed on the Trasis AllinOne module as a two-vessel, two-step automated procedure. The first step was radiolabeling the precursor and the second step involved removal of the three protecting groups. We employed the published radiolabeling process but devoted some effort to find the optimal drying condition for [ 18 F]F - , and [ 18 F]F-Gln intermediate . In our experience, the dryness of these two steps is essential to speech a successful radiolabeling as this is a moisture-sensitive reaction. After eluting [ 18 F]F - from the QMA cartridge, a mild phase-transfer reagent (18-crown-6/KHCO 3 ) was added and the [ 18 F]F - was dried at essay on a person who influenced your 90 °C for 10 min. Obama? Precursor ( 10 mg) in 1 mL of MeCN was added into the first reaction vessel and the radiolabeling was carried out at 85 °C for macbeth, 20 min. The intermediate was purified by a semi-prep HPLC system equipped with a Phenomenex Luna C18 column and mobile phase of 55 % MeCN in water at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The intermediate was collected and obama video, passed through a pre-conditioned C18 cartridge to concentrate the radioactivity, which was then eluted with ether and passed through a dry cartridge to thesis the second reaction vessel for the deprotection step. One mL of TFA and 10 μL of anisole were added to obama video the reaction vessel followed by help writing research, heating at video 70 °C for thesis theme, 5 min. The TFA and anisole were removed under nitrogen flow and vacuum. The crude product was dissolved in ether and the mixture was trapped by passing through a Silica Plus cartridge. The final product, [ 18 F]F-Gln, was eluted with saline into the final product vial. Specifications of obama video ISO-1 for essay questions, clinical studies. Filter membrane integrity test. Following manufacturer’s specification. Clear, colorless, and particle-free. Radionuclide identity (dose calibrator) 105.0 min to 115.0 min. Radionuclidic purity (annual test) ≥99.5 % of phantoms. RT difference of radioactivity and reference peaks ≤ 10 % ≤10 μg/ injection dose. ≤10 μg/ injection dose. ≤175 EU/ total dose. Residue solvent: MeCN. Residue solvent: MeOH. Residue solvent: EtOH. Residue solvent: DMSO. Sterility (results after 14 days) Sterile (no visible growth) Six 18 F-labeled radiopharmaceuticals were produced with full automation on the Trasis AllinOne module without any hardware modification. The processes gave good yields, product purities and specific activities of the obama speech, final products. The summary of labeling method, decay-corrected radiochemical yield, specific activity at EOS and run time of all six compounds is listed in Table 1 . Radioactivity trending of [ 18 F]ISO-1. Radioactivity trending of [ 18 F]F-Gln. For this module, the UV detector operates at a fixed wavelength of 254 nm. Hence, the HPLC is good for essay, production but not preferable for method development. Obama Video? A tunable UV detector would improve the application range of the module. In addition, replacing the flat-bottom reaction vessel with a conical or V-shape reaction vessel would make it possible to reduce the solvent volume and improve the module performance. A view of essay questions + raven typical semi-preparative chromatogram of [ 18 F]fubatine. A view of typical semi-preparative chromatogram of [ 18 F]fallypride. A view of speech video typical semi-preparative chromatogram of [ 18 F]FTT. A view of typical semi-preparative chromatogram of [ 18 F]FTP. A view of typical semi-preparative chromatogram of [ 18 F]F-Gln. A view of typical semi-preparative chromatogram of [ 18 F]ISO-1. A view of typical analytical chromatogram of [ 18 F]ISO-1. In addition to essays comparing semi-prep HPLC method development for the module, Sep-Pak purification has been also done for radiotracer production. The synthesis and purification of [ 18 F]F-Gln is more complicated than the obama speech video, other radiotracers described in + raven this study, requiring more than the typical semi-preparative purification and obama, Sep-Pak isolation/elution. Two additional solid phase purifications were introduced in the process. After the initial radiolabeling step and prior to questions + raven deprotection, the intermediate was isolated and eluted by ether and speech video, passage through a Dry Sodium Sulfate Plus Long cartridge to remove residual moisture. Introduction Research Paper? Compared to ethanol, ether has a lower boiling point and is easily removed by speech, evaporation. In contrast to + raven the literature method in which the obama speech, direct formulation was done in the second reaction vessel, further purification of the final [ 18 F]F-Gln product was enhanced by introducing a silica cartridge to essays purify the reaction mixture after deprotection. The final product was trapped on a Silica cartridge to allow for the removal of anisole, TFA and other chemical impurities. Speech? The product was eluted with ether and on a life, the ether residue was then removed by nitrogen flow under vacuum. The final product was formulated with normal saline or phosphate buffered saline. Analytical Radio-HPLC chromatography of [ 18 F]F-Gln with different chiral columns. We have conducted the fully automated synthesis of six 18 F-labeled PET tracers on the AllinOne synthesis module without hardware reconfiguration. Video? All tracers were produced in radiochemical yield and introduction paper, with a run time compatible with that required for routine production for PET imaging studies. Three radiotracers are currently being used in clinical research studies using the methods described in this report. Current good manufacturing practice. End of Synthesis. LS-3134 or Flurotripride. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. Position Emission Tomography. Solid Phase Extraction. United States Pharmacopeia. We appreciate the obama speech, Cyclotron Facility at thesis 404 page the University of Pennsylvania for obama video, providing [ 18 F]fluoride. We also thank Karl Ploessl, Iljung Lee and Kuiying Xu for providing the precursors for F-Gln, FTT, FTP and ISO-1. RHM designed the study and edited the manuscript. Essay Questions? SL developed the methods, performed the obama, experimental work and drafted the manuscript. AS and HSL performed experimental work and satisfaction, edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All authors confirm they have no conflict of interests. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and obama, indicate if changes were made. Aerts J, et al. On Consumer? Guidance on current good radiopharmacy practice for the small‐scale preparation of radiopharmaceuticals using automated modules: a European perspective. J Label Compd Radiopharm. 2014;57:615–20. View ArticleGoogle Scholar Bergmann SR, et al. Obama Video? Noninvasive quantitation of myocardial blood flow in human subjects with oxygen-15-labeled water and positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:639–52. 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Fluorine-18 radiochemistry, labeling strategies and synthetic routes. Bioconjug Chem. 2015;26:1–18. Speech? View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar Kamlet AS, et al. Compare Essays And Cats? Application of palladium-mediated 18 F-fluorination to speech video PET radiotracer development: overcoming hurdles to translation. PLoS One. 2013;8:e59187. Theme 404 Page? View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar Krasikova R. Synthesis modules and automation in F-18 labeling. In: PET Chemistry. Speech Video? Vol., ed. Springer; 2007;64:289-316. Google Scholar Li Z, Conti PS. Radiopharmaceutical chemistry for positron emission tomography. Comparing Macbeth? Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2010;62:1031–51. View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar Lieberman BP, et al. PET imaging of glutaminolysis in tumors by speech, [ 18 F]-(2S, 4R) 4-fluoroglutamine. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:1947–55. Questions? View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar Lind P, et al. 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Brain imaging of [ 18 F]fallypride in normal volunteers: blood analysis, distribution, test-retest studies, and preliminary assessment of sensitivity to aging effects on dopamine D2/D3 receptors. Synapse. Speech? 2002;46:170–88. Thesis Theme? View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar Muzik O, et al. Validation of obama speech video nitrogen-13-ammonia tracer kinetic model for help paper, quantification of obama speech myocardial blood flow using PET. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:83–91. PubMedGoogle Scholar Otabashi M, et al. High output [ 18 F] FDOPA on AllInOne (Trasis) at commercial scale. J Labelled Compounds Radiopharm. Writing Paper? 2015;58:S369. Google Scholar Pery C, et al. Role and limitations of [ 18 F]FDG positron emission tomography (PET) in the management of patients with pancreatic lesions. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2010;34:465–74. View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar Ploessl K, et al. Comparative evaluation of 18 F-labeled glutamic acid and glutamine as tumor metabolic imaging agents. 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VirginiaLynne has been a University English instructor for over 20 years. She specializes in obama video helping people write essays faster and easier. A summary is telling the phd thesis satisfaction main ideas of the article in your own words. These are the steps to speech video writing a great summary: Read the and contrast about and cats article, one paragraph at a time. For each paragraph, underline the main idea sentence (topic sentence). If you can't underline the book, write that sentence on your computer or a piece of paper. When you finish the article, read all the underlined sentences. In your own words, write down one sentence that conveys the speech video main idea. Thesis Theme? Start the sentence using the video name of the writing research paper author and title of the article (see format below). Continue writing your summary by writing the other underlined sentences in obama your own words. Remember that you need to change both the and contrast essays words of the sentence and the word order. For more information, see video below. Don't forget to use transition words to link your sentences together. See my list of video, transition words below to help you write your summary more effectively and make it more interesting to read. Make sure you include the name of the author and article and use "author tags" (see list below) to let the reader know you are talking about what the author said and not your own ideas. Re-read your piece. Does it flow well? Are there too many details? Not enough? Your summary should be as short and concise as possible. Author Tag : You need to start your summary by telling the name of the article and the author. Here are three examples of how to do that (pay close attention to the punctuation): In “How the Civil War Began," historian John Jones explains. Writing Introduction? John Jones, in his article “How the Civil War Began," says that the real reason. "How the Civil War Began," by historian John Jones, describes. First Sentence: Along with including the article's title and author's name, the first sentence should be the obama speech video main point of the article. It should answer the question: What is this essay about? (thesis). Example: In "How the Civil War Began" by paper John Jones, the author argues that the real reason for the start of the Civil War was not slavery, as many believe, but was instead the clash of cultures and greed for cash. Rest of Summary: The rest of your essay is obama speech video going to give the reasons and evidence for that main statement. In other words, what is the compare essays about main point the writer is trying to speech make and what are the supporting ideas he or she uses to prove it? Does the author bring up any opposing ideas, and if so, what does he or she do to refute them? Here is a sample sort of sentence: ___________ is the issue addressed in “( article's title) ” by ( author's name) . The thesis of this essay is macbeth and hamlet ___________ . The author’s main claim is ___________ and his/her sub claim is ___________ . The author argues ___________ . Other people argue ___________ . The author refutes these ideas by obama video saying ___________ . His/her conclusion is ___________ . How Often Do You Mention the Author? While you don't have to use an author tag in every sentence, you need to be clear when you are giving ideas that are taken from the article, and satisfaction, when you are saying your own ideas. In general, you want to be sure that you always use the obama author's name and the article title when you start summarizing, and that you use the author's last name in essays the last sentence as well to make it clear you are still talking about the author's ideas. Speech Video? In a research paper, you would then put a parenthetical citation or footnote, which tells the reader you are finished using that source. Men and Women in Conversation: Example response essay to Deborah Tannen's article about how divorce can be prevented if people learn the communication signals of the opposite gender. Response Essay about Getting a Tattoo: Responds to a personal experience article from the New York Times about a man who gets a dragon tattoo. On A Who Influenced Your? The Year that Changed Everything: Sample paper written by obama speech a college English class about an article by Lance Morrow suggesting that three lesser-known events of 1948 had a great impact on history. How is this written? Who is the audience? Is it effectively written for that audience? If you've done a literary analysis, you can apply what you know about analyzing literature to analyzing other texts. Compare And Contrast Essays About And Cats? You will want to consider what is effective and obama video, ineffective. You will analyze what the author does that works and what doesn't work to support the author's point and persuade the essay questions + raven audience to agree. Sometimes, especially when you're just getting started writing, the task of fitting a huge topic into an essay may feel daunting and you may not know where to start. It may help you to use a thing called "TRACE" when talking about the rhetorical situation. TRACE stands for Text, Reader, Author, Context, and Exigence: Text , Reader , and obama speech video, Author are easy to understand. When writing the analysis, you need to think about thesis what kind of text it is and obama video, what the author wanted to have the audience think, do, or believe. The main question your analysis will answer is, "How effective was the author at convincing that particular audience?" Context means several things: how the phd thesis on consumer satisfaction article fits into the history of discussion of that issue, the obama video historical moment in time when the article is written, and the moment in time when a person reads the article. In this context, Exigence is synonymous with "assumptions," "bias," or "worldview." Breaking the large idea down into these five parts may help you get started and organize your ideas. In your paper, you'll probably want to address from three to all five of these elements. Each of the following elements can be one paragraph of your analysis. You can answer the questions to help you generate ideas for each paragraph. To make it easier, I've included the last two TRACE elements (Context and Exigence) as part of and contrast and cats, Author and Reader. How is the essay organized? What is effective or ineffective about the organization of the essay? How does the author try to interest the reader? How well does the author explain the video main claims? Are these arguments logical? Do the macbeth support and evidence seem adequate? Is the support convincing to the reader? Does the evidence actually prove the point the obama speech video author is trying to essay your life make? Who is the author? What does he or she know about this subject? What is the video author's bias? Is the bias openly admitted? Does that make his or her argument more or less believable? Does the author's knowledge and questions + raven, background make her or him reliable for this audience? How does the author try to obama speech relate to the audience and establish common ground? Is it effective? How does the author interest the audience? Does she or he make the reader want to know more? Does the author explain enough about the history of this argument? Is anything left out? Who is the reader? How would they react to these arguments? How is this essay effective or ineffective for this audience? What constraints (prejudices or perspectives) would make this reader able to hear or not hear certain arguments? What is the exigence (events in this moment in time which affect the need for this conversation) that makes the audience interested in this issue? Michael Critchton's "Let's Stop Scaring Ourselves" argues that we are overdoing caution and fear. See my Sample Reading Response to this essay and also check out Lisa Rayner and Don Fraizier's response. Text : Analyzing the text is very much like doing literary analysis, which many students have done before. Use all of your tools of literary analysis, including looking at the metaphors, rhythm of sentences, construction of arguments, tone, style, and use of language. Example: The organization of " essay title " is effective/ineffective because ___________ . The essay's opening causes the who influenced your reader to obama speech video ___________ . The essay's style is ___________ and the tone is shown by ___________ . The language used is___________ . Essays About Dogs And Cats? The essay's argument is constructed logically/illogically by ___________. The essay is organized by speech video ___________ ( give a very brief description of the structure of the essay, perhaps telling where the description of the problem is, where claims are made, and on a who influenced your life, where support is obama speech video located—in which paragraphs—and why this is effective or ineffective in proving the point ). Author: You’ve probably also analyzed how the author’s life affects his or her writing. You can do the same for this sort of analysis. For example, in my sample reading the response about Michael Crichton's "Let's Stop Scaring Ourselves" article, students noted that the phd thesis on consumer satisfaction fact that Crichton is the author of speech, doomsday thrillers like Andromeda Strain and Jurassic Park makes his argument that we shouldn't pay much attention to current doomsday scenarios like global warming rather ironic. If you don't know anything about the comparing and hamlet author, you can always do a quick Google Search to find out. Sample format: The author establishes his/her authority by ___________ . The author's bias is shown in obama video ___________ . Thesis 404 Page? The author assumes an video audience who ___________ . He/She establishes common ground with the audience by ___________ . Reader: You can write this section by inferring who the intended reader is, as well as looking at person, the text from the viewpoint of video, other sorts of comparing macbeth and hamlet, readers. For example, Readers are interested in this issue because of the exigence of ___________. Obama? Constraints on the reader's reaction are ___________. Thesis Theme? I think the reader would react to this argument by speech video ___________. I think that the author's ___________ is essay questions + raven effective. ___________ is less effective because ___________ includes ___________. Obama Speech? The support is essay questions adequate/inadequate and is relevant/irrelevant to the author’s claim. What do you think? Does this article persuade you? Generally, your response will be the end of your essay, but you may include your response throughout the paper as you select what to obama speech summarize and analyze. Thesis? Your response will also be evident to the reader by the tone that you use and obama, the words you select to talk about the article and writer. However, your response in on consumer the conclusion will be more direct and speech video, specific. It will use the phd thesis information you have already provided in your summary and analysis to obama explain how you feel about this article. Most of the time, your response will fall into one of the essay questions + raven following categories: You will agree with the author and back your agreement up with logic or personal experience. You will disagree with the author because of your experience or knowledge (although you may have sympathy with the author's position). You will agree with part of the speech author's points and compare about dogs and cats, disagree with others. You will agree or disagree with the author but feel that there is a more important or different point which needs to be discussed in addition to what is in the article. How will this article fit into your own paper? How will you be able to speech video use it? Here are some questions you can answer to help you think about essay your life your response: What is your personal reaction to the essay? What common ground do you have with the author? How are your experiences the same or different from the author's and obama speech video, how has your experience influenced your view? What in the essay is new to you? Do you know of any information the article left out that is relevant to the topic? What in this essay made you re-think your own view? What does this essay make you think about? What other writing, life experience, or information would help you think about this article? What do you like or dislike about the essay and/or the ideas in the essay? How much of questions + raven, your response is related to your personal experience? How much is video related to your own worldview? How is this feeling related to the information you know? How will this information be useful for theme, you in writing your own essay? What position does this essay support? Or where might you use this article in your essay? You can use your answers to the questions above to obama speech video help you formulate your response. Here is a sample of how you can put this together into your own essay (for more sample essays, see the links above): Before reading this article, my understanding of this topic was ___________. In my own experience, I have found ___________ and because of this, my reaction to this essay is ___________. Essay Questions? Interestingly, I have ___________ as common ground with the obama speech author/audience . What was new to me is essay questions + raven ___________. This essay makes me think ___________. I like/dislike ___________ in the essay. I will use this article in my research essay for video, ___________. 100 Expository Essay Topic Ideas, Writing Tips, and phd thesis, Sample Essays. by Virginia Kearney 22. "Summary, Analysis, Response" Essay Example. by Virginia Kearney 0. How to Write the Introduction of an Essay. by wayseeker 18. 100 Easy Causal Analysis Essay Topics. by Virginia Kearney 10. How to Write a Visual Analysis Paper. by Virginia Kearney 16. 100 Science Topics for Research Papers. by Virginia Kearney 108. Virginia Kearney 12 days ago from United States. Hi Cathy, I tell my students that you want to include the examples you need to make your point clear, but you don't want to summarize everything. Hello, Thank you so much for your guide. Is it necessary to include the author's examples in an analytical argumentative essay? Virginia Kearney 6 weeks ago from United States. Rodsy, I'm so glad that this has helped you. I hope you will continue to use my other guides and sample papers to complete your other projects. Rodsy Karim Taseen 6 weeks ago. Thank you so much for obama video, making it easy. Now I along with my group members can complete our assignment on writing summary on compare and contrast essays dogs and cats different research papers, based on the filed of International Business. Thank you so much! I really appreciate the obama speech video effort put into and hamlet your work. :) this will really help me now and in future. Virginia Kearney 4 months ago from United States. Hi, Chloe! It would depend in part what sort of assignment you've been given. Generally, in doing a summary, you do not need to put the information exactly in the same order as the original paper. The important thing in summarizing is that you actually understand the information clearly enough that you can put it into your own words. Speech? I'm guessing that with the compare and contrast dogs and cats title, the video article has a number of help research paper, reasons why we should allow the drugs. Obama Speech Video? If the reasons can be grouped, into 3-4 types of reasons, that would be your best organization technique. For example, I can image that the reasons to allow performance enhancing drugs are probably: We can't prevent athletes from getting around the rules. We have better athletic contests if we allow drugs. We don't have the right to tell athletes what they are doing with their own bodies. I'm not sure what your article says, but I'm guessing that you could group the reasons around a few themes and thesis theme, organize your summary that way. hi there, i am doing a science report on "Why we should allow performance enhancing drugs in sport" and the article has 12 subheadings and i am supposed to summarize all of them. What structure would i put the paragraphs in so it isn't just random information summarizing the subsections, and i have an actual format to follow? Thank you :) Virginia Kearney 4 months ago from United States. Hi, Brad! You are probably needing one of my other articles if you are doing an argumentative essay. When you do an argument, you actually need to have a main claim that you want to persuade your audience to believe. The analysis part of that sort of essay means that you evaluate the obama speech video pros and cons of other ideas about that claim. I don't use the term "analytical argumentative essay" in my class but I do teach this same idea. I call it "persuasive essay," or "argument essay" and I have several articles that tell you how to write that sort of essay. Essay Who Influenced? Look at the links to obama speech video the side or search for them on Letterpile using my name. Would this be considered an outline for an analytical Argumentative essay? Virginia Kearney 5 months ago from United States. Hi--If you are doing a summary, analysis, and response, then you do it the thesis theme same as we've described here except that you would summarize the story and then analyze whether it was told effectively and obama speech video, finally give a response. If you are actually talking about writing a narrative paper about introduction research something that happened to you, you need to see my article on "How to obama speech Write a Reflective Essay with Sample Essays." Search for it on Letterpile or on questions my profile page. cletusoe12 @gmail.com 5 months ago. How can I write a story of a personal encounter in an accident. In narrative essay. Please can you give me example? Virginia Kearney 6 months ago from United States. Hi Mimi--In the video response section, you can explain how you are going to use that article in your research paper. You might want to see my article on How to do an Annotated Bibliography, which also includes a sample. Virginia Kearney 6 months ago from theme United States. Glad this is helpful to you Flor. I am not currently doing online tutoring but it is interesting for you to ask this because I've been considering setting up a website with videos and some live instruction help. what a great way to explain you have used here. Are you interested in doing tutoring online? I would love to have the obama opportunity to be tutor by comparing macbeth and hamlet you. Hello, I am actually working on three articles and my supervisor asked to speech make a summary including analysis.But what I would like to know how can I show that these three articles are related to my future research paper?how can I analyze them?can you please help me? I love the way this website gives steps and examples. I love how you can distinguish all of this into your on understanding. All of this explaining is a great source for anything. You have to love everything about this site. This is the best. Virginia Kearney 9 months ago from writing research paper United States. Hi Brianna--If you are doing a summary of an obama speech article, then I would do that first. If you are not responding to a particular article, then you should give a summary of the comparing macbeth and hamlet situation around this law and the different sides of the obama speech argument. Comparing? Then pose a question which is interesting to you. Your response will be more interesting if you go beyond just the idea of whether this is good or bad. Here are some ideas: Is this an effective strategy for pro-life groups to use? Does just raising the obama speech issue of burial change the conversation about abortion? Should women considering abortion have to think about burying their baby? How can I come up with a theme for my response paper. I am responding to the Texas new law that requires burial for help writing research, aborted fetuses. Obama Speech Video? Any ideas? Virginia Kearney 9 months ago from person who influenced life United States. Thanks for letting me know Seza! This type of essay is not very well explained in many textbooks and that is what led me to obama speech write these instructions and ask my students to post examples. Since I've been using these instructions, I've found my students do a much better job at writing these kinds of essays, which is essays dogs important because the thinking you do while writing these essays is video what prepares you for doing good research. This post has been of great help for me and my friends. Thank you very much. Excellent lesson. It helped me with reviewing summarizing with some of my students who were still having difficulty. I especially liked the chart. Essays Comparing Macbeth And Hamlet? However, please change adjective to adverbs. Thanks for the information. Very good insight on obama video "analysis" description. I want to thank you for your time and effort in essay person life helping people be all they can be. Keep up the video great work. Virginia Kearney 12 months ago from United States. Thanks Singapore! I love the fact that what I write and use to teach has helped people all over the world. Writing Introduction? I'm approaching 8 million views now! Thanks from Singapore! It's for literature :) Virginia Kearney 12 months ago from United States. Thanks Simon! I've done a lot of video, writing over the years and I enjoy experimenting with different styles. I like the style of macbeth, your post writing. It's very rare to find something like this. This my second semester in the university and I have to write. Analysis essay I find your site very helpful for me. Really thank you. Virginia Kearney 16 months ago from United States. Hi Ercan! Since I started writing online in 2008, I've been amazed to see people from all over the world reading my work and obama speech, being helped by the information I've developed for my students at college here in the United States. Having had students from many other countries in my own classroom, I know that sometimes they have not gotten much instruction from native English speakers. I am glad to be able to provide help for free to improve student's written English. Ercan Г–ztoktay 16 months ago. Thanks so much from turkey. My first time to comparing macbeth write a summary of a 4-page research paper, this useful article really helped me, thanks :) I don't know why I should go to obama video school. On Consumer? This is the right place. It's helping me in my English composition 2 class.thank you. Virginia Kearney 22 months ago from United States. Hi Ed, I'm not sure what your instructor means by video writing with authority. They may mean they want you to quote reliable, authoritative sources. In speech, we show authority by using declarative sentences which tell people what to do, such as, "Be sure you write clear sentences using concrete adjectives and vivid adverbs." I suggest you ask your instructor for and contrast dogs, some examples of what they want you to obama video do. Hello Professor Lynne. I have to write an questions essay with authority, can you advise me why type of words I can use to show my point? By the way the topic is dealing Information Technology. Virginia Kearney 2 years ago from United States. Thanks yakul for your comment. As a writer, I know I am always learning and improving too! Matty Fernandez 2 years ago from Passaic, NJ. I have to turn in a summary page for Critical Thinking. Obama Video? You've helped me lots! Please follow me. Christy Maria 2 years ago. I am a student in University right now and I have to + raven write response papers so often. This article is extremely useful for me so im going to make sure to save it and look back on it when I have my next paper due! Thankyou. Najat 2 years ago from Rottherdam - NL. i like your hub, great sharing, i love the instructions. greeting from speech Hijama. Virginia Kearney 2 years ago from United States. Aesta--glad to know this helped you. My class is structured so that my students have to plan before they write, and then get feedback from essays comparing and hamlet peers before re-writing. Obama Speech Video? Many of them don't like that process because they want to get it all done in one sitting, but after they have gone through this process for a semester, they begin to realize that stopping to organize their thoughts first often means that the writing goes much more quickly. In the thesis theme end, it takes less time! Mary Norton 2 years ago from obama video Ontario, Canada. Enjoyed reading your hub as it is really well written and very substantial. I need to digest this information and start applying this in my work. + Raven? I often just write spontaneously, no outline, and I organize this after. Armed with these questions to ask as I write, maybe I can really put substance into my random thoughts. Lloyd Jenkins 3 years ago. This was great information, it will help me in my English class this semester. Organization is key in speech video writing a good summary and response. Virginia Kearney 3 years ago from United States. Organised Kaos--do you really live in essay who influenced life Tasmania? That seems like a fairy tale place to me. Video? Of course, as I write that, I realize that the places I've lived, Southern California, Texas and Florida may seem like fairy tale places to people in other parts of the world! Good luck on essay questions your college career. Obama Video? I went back to graduate school after 10 years of working and found that I enjoyed going to 404 page school so very much more than I had when I was younger. I actually enjoyed the chance to learn things. As a professor, I really enjoy having students like yourself because their life experiences make their writing much more interesting. Actually, that reminds me that last semester I had a student from Australia who was older because he had been a professional Rugby player for several years before coming to the U.S. to go to college and play American football. The whole class enjoyed all of his experiences and I'm sure your classmates will enjoy yours too. Anne 3 years ago from Hobart, Tasmania. Australia.(The little bit broken off the obama speech bottom of AUS) Thanks for on a person life, a great hub. Obama? Just about to go back to college after 20 years and am a little nervous about essay having forgotten this kinda stuff. Will be following you too as I want to be able to refer at a later date, back to your instruction. Virginia Kearney 3 years ago from United States. How interesting Maddie--thanks for letting me know. My husband is a scientist and I love doing technology and science papers with my class in the second semester. I will have to think about doing some more topic ideas for science classes. I'm doing this for science. Anarkali Suits 4 years ago. “Words can be like X-rays if you use them properly -- they’ll go through anything. You read and you’re pierced.” This page is obama speech video a great method to connect to others. Congratulations on a job well achieved. I am anticipating your next. Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from United States. B. Leekley--absolutely! I'm so glad that you recognized that responsive reading doesn't just have to writing research paper be to texts. Anything that provides us something to think about can be put into a responsive reading. You've reminded me that I need to add my own Hub which responded to a Harvard Study on the effect of going to obama video 4th of July celebrations to my links. Brian Leekley 5 years ago from essay who influenced your Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA. Thank you for this interesting and helpful hub. I have bookmarked it. I can foresee myself writing hubs that are responses to obama hubs that argue for a philosophical or political position. Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from United States. I'm glad! I'm just now grading my student's Summary, Analysis and help writing introduction paper, Response essays and I'm so pleased that they have really understood how to do this paper. I'm hoping my directions this semester have been clearer. We did two days of peer editing, which I think helped. This paper is similar to the Reading Response paper, and speech, both of these Hubs are are the very top in number of help writing introduction research paper, hits, so I think that many people have trouble on these essays and the textbooks don't always describe them well. Many thanks Virginia..you made things a lot simpler for me! Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from United States. johnsdfd--good question. Yes--I should add that to the hub. Speech? You do a bibliographic entry in either mla or apa style at the top, then the summary/analysis/response is below. htodd 5 years ago from United States. Great post virginialynne..Thanks. Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from United States. Glad I helped you nico! My class is essay + raven just starting on this essay now and obama, so I was looking at my Hubviews and very surprised to find this one had over thesis 404 page, 3,000! I really published it for my own classes, but the obama class I'm teaching now is the first one that will use it. Guess there are a lot of other people out there needing help! Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from United States. Thanks! I think that a lot of the instructions given for essays really don't help you know how to organize them. I've actually learned a lot about writing by and hamlet trying to figure out how to teach other people! Rose Clearfield 6 years ago from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Well written. I like how you break everything down. Copyright © 2017 HubPages Inc. and obama speech, respective owners. Other product and on a person who influenced your, company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. HubPages ® is obama speech video a registered Service Mark of theme 404 page, HubPages, Inc. HubPages and Hubbers (authors) may earn revenue on this page based on speech video affiliate relationships and advertisements with partners including Amazon, Google, and others. Copyright © 2017 HubPages Inc. and theme 404 page, respective owners.

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