Texas term paper

Globalisation and Its Impact on Indian Society. Globalisation has emerged as one of the texas, most frequently used term of which there is edexcel physics no universally acceptable definition. World­wide opinions are divided both in support and opposition of it. Globalisation is texas derived from the term “global” which implies covering the critical, globe. Thus, globalisation means something which covers or relates the whole world instead of being confined to a particular country. With the development of modern science and technology, whole world has been closely united as a global village. What happens in one country has its impact on others. We are using the term internationalism as a political process. This process highlights increasing political, social, economic and texas term cultural relations among various nations of the world. Residency Personal Statements Internal Medicine. Now globalisation is term advocated as a process aimed at coursework integrating the whole world system. It implies the integration of a nation’s economy with the world economic system. Globalisation means different things to term, different people. Economists consider it as a step towards a fully integrated world market. Some political scientists view it as a march away from the conventionally defined concept of the state. The sovereignty of the state is challenged with the emergence of non-governmental power players in the world order. Globalisation is not an event, rather a process which originated with the liberalisation and privatisation of the economic sectors. It aims for residency personal statements, the establishment of texas a borderless world. Nations having socialistic economic system and essays mixed economy failed to achieve targeted economic growth. In 1980s, public sectors faced loss due to texas paper, bureaucratic inefficiency, red-tapism, political interference, corruption and irresponsibility of the personal internal medicine, managing authority. Where there is ‘monopoly’ there is inefficiency due to lack of competition. Public sectors thus, failed to produce profitable results and created massive financial loss. There was price rise, capital crunch, lack of technical know-how and slow pace in paper, economic growth. The situation demanded Soviet Russia to initiate economic reforms through “Perestroika”. More or less, India faced the same situation. To overcome the situation, P.V. Narsingh Rao government adopted the new economic policy of liberalisation and privatisement. Before 1970s, industrially develop western countries faced economic crisis. Economic depression lowered down the profit of big industries. Instead of writing depending on their own market, the entrepreneurs wanted to expand their business in other countries of the world. While these western companies were in search of market in different parts of the world, socialistic states wanted them in the privatisation process of term paper public sectors. Undeveloped third world countries also realized the need of foreign capital and technical knowhow for their economic growth. The process of economic liberalisation began as a precondition of globalisation. Thus, capital, technical knowledge, labour, profit, managerial skill etc. Persuasive Essay Fast Food Obesity. move from one nation to another cutting across the territorial limitation with the primary goal of expanding trade and term paper business. Globalisation, as a negative process, stands for the abolition of protective economic policies which were previously adopted in the national interest. Governments had created trade barriers by increasing the rate of tariff and through the imposition of restrictions on import of foreign goods. Globalisation stands for the elimination of such negative barriers for the free flow of goods and capital. Positively speaking, globalisation encourages free world trade, free enterprise and essays market forces. It advocates for the process of integrating the domestic economy with the world economy through increased collaborations among the entrepreneurs. Paper. In this process, they can have access to more capital flows, technical knowhow, cheaper imports and larger export markets. India became independent as one of the poorest countries of the world. The British colonial rule had destroyed the self-sufficient agrarian economy. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru preferred mixed economy for planned economic development of the country. Public sectors were set up along with a number of private enterprises. But like the socialistic model of economy, the mixed economy of India has not produced profitable results. A number of public sectors became sick and the growth rates of production had begun to fall. The government was compelled to sanction subsidy to make the price of some essential commodities low, despite the specification, rising burden on state exchequer. While the poverty of the people continued to grow to term paper, an alarming extent, there was an acute balance of payment crisis. Due to low domestic savings, there was no adequate capital for investment. There was also shortage of resources to provide educational and persuasive essay fast food health facilities to a large growing population. Moreover, there was high rate of inflation and the balance of paper payment deficit was around $10 bn. In such a situation P.V. Narsingh Rao government was compelled to introduce the policy of liberalisation and privatisation. Residency Personal Statements Medicine. Dr. Manmohan Singh, the then finance minister was instrumental in the adoption of new economic policy in 1991. The process of globalisation carries with it various positive and negative consequences. It has been interpreted in two contradictory ways—firstly as an opportunity to develop in economic sphere and secondly as a challenge to the age-old cultural identity of India. On the basis of such contradictory perceptions, the term, local response to globalisation can be analyzed in two ways. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages:

by Anthony Carpi, Ph.D., Anne E. Egger, Ph.D. Table of contents A brief history of texas term paper comparative methods Comparison as a scientific research method Comparison in practice: The case of cigarettes Comparison across disciplines Limitations of essay on report comparative methods Comparison in modern practice Terms you should know comparative : identifying similarities and differences method : a procedure, a process, a systematic way of doing something. Anyone who has stared at texas paper, a chimpanzee in edexcel physics coursework specification, a zoo (Figure 1) has probably wondered about the animal's similarity to humans. Chimps make facial expressions that resemble humans, use their hands in much the same way we do, are adept at using different objects as tools, and term, even laugh when they are tickled. It may not be surprising to learn then that when the on report first captured chimpanzees were brought to Europe in the 17 th century, people were confused, labeling the animals "pygmies" and speculating that they were stunted versions of "full-grown" humans. Texas? A London physician named Edward Tyson obtained a "pygmie" that had died of an infection shortly after arriving in London, and began a systematic study of the animal that cataloged the differences between chimpanzees and humans, thus helping to establish comparative research as a scientific method. Figure 1: A chimpanzee image © Corel Corporation. A brief history of comparative methods. In 1698, Tyson, a member of the Royal Society of London, began a detailed dissection of the "pygmie" he had obtained and personal internal, published his findings in texas term, the 1699 work: Orang-Outang, sive Homo Sylvestris: or, the Anatomy of a Pygmie Compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man . The title of the work further reflects the misconception that existed at the time – Tyson did not use the term Orang-Outang in its modern sense to refer to the orangutan; he used it in its literal translation from the Malay language as "man of the woods," as that is residency personal internal how the chimps were viewed. Tyson took great care in his dissection. Texas? He precisely measured and compared a number of anatomical variables such as brain size of the personal statements "pygmie," ape, and human. He recorded his measurements of the "pygmie," even down to the direction in which the texas term paper animal's hair grew: "The tendency of the Hair of all of the Body was downwards; but only from the Wrists to the Elbows 'twas upwards" (Russell, 1967). Aided by William Cowper, Tyson made drawings of various anatomical structures, taking great care to personal internal medicine accurately depict the dimensions of these structures so that they could be compared to those in paper, humans (Figure 2). His systematic comparative study of the essay food dimensions of anatomical structures in the chimp, ape, and human led him to state: in the Organization of texas term abundance of specification its Parts, it more approached to the Structure of the same in Men: But where it differs from a Man, there it resembles plainly the Common Ape, more than any other Animal. (Russell, 1967) Tyson's comparative studies proved exceptionally accurate and his research was used by others, including Thomas Henry Huxley in Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature (1863) and Charles Darwin in The Descent of Man (1871). Figure 2: Edward Tyson's drawing of the external appearance of a "pygmie" (left) and the animal's skeleton (right) from The Anatomy of a Pygmie Compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man from the second edition, London, printed for T. Osborne, 1751. Tyson's methodical and scientific approach to anatomical dissection contributed to texas term the development of evolutionary theory and helped establish the field of comparative anatomy. Further, Tyson's work helps to highlight the importance of comparison as a scientific research method. Comparison as a scientific research method. Comparative research represents one approach in the spectrum of scientific research methods and in some ways is a hybrid of term outline other methods, drawing on aspects of both experimental science (see our Experimentation in Science module) and descriptive research (see our Description in paper, Science module). Similar to experimentation, comparison seeks to edexcel physics coursework specification decipher the relationship between two or more variables by documenting observed differences and similarities between two or more subjects or groups. In contrast to experimentation, the comparative researcher does not subject one of texas paper those groups to on report a treatment, but rather observes a group that either by choice or circumstance has been subject to a treatment. Thus comparison involves observation in a more "natural" setting, not subject to experimental confines, and in this way evokes similarities with description. Importantly, the simple comparison of two variables or objects is not comparative research. Texas Term? Tyson's work would not have been considered scientific research if he had simply noted that "pygmies" looked like humans without measuring bone lengths and hair growth patterns. Ee Cummings Essays? Instead, comparative research involves the systematic cataloging of the nature and/or behavior of paper two or more variables, and the quantification of the sample term outline relationship between them. Figure 3: Skeleton of the juvenile chimpanzee dissected by Edward Tyson, currently displayed at the Natural History Museum, London. image © Peter Kaminski. While the choice of which research method to use is a personal decision based in term, part on the training of the researchers conducting the study, there are a number of scenarios in which comparative research would likely be the primary choice. The first scenario is ee cummings critical one in paper, which the ee cummings critical essays scientist is term not trying to measure a response to change, but rather he or she may be trying to understand the similarities and differences between two subjects. For example, Tyson was not observing a change in his "pygmie" in personal medicine, response to an experimental treatment. Instead, his research was a comparison of the unknown "pygmie" to humans and apes in order to paper determine the relationship between them. A second scenario in which comparative studies are common is when the sample paper outline physical scale or timeline of a question may prevent experimentation. For example, in the field of paleoclimatology, researchers have compared cores taken from texas term paper sediments deposited millions of years ago in the world's oceans to see if the sedimentary composition is similar across all oceans or differs according to geographic location. Because the sediments in these cores were deposited millions of years ago, it would be impossible to obtain these results through the experimental method. Research designed to look at past events such as sediment cores deposited millions of essays over movement years ago is referred to as retrospective research. A third common comparative scenario is when the ethical implications of an experimental treatment preclude an experimental design. Researchers who study the toxicity of environmental pollutants or the spread of disease in humans are precluded from texas term paper purposefully exposing a group of individuals to the toxin or disease for ethical reasons. In these situations, researchers would set up a comparative study by identifying individuals who have been accidentally exposed to the pollutant or disease and comparing their symptoms to fast food those of a control group of people who were not exposed. Texas Term? Research designed to look at persuasive essay obesity, events from the present into the future, such as a study looking at term, the development of symptoms in individuals exposed to internal medicine a pollutant, is referred to as prospective research. Comparative science was significantly strengthened in the late 19th and paper, early 20th century with the introduction of modern statistical methods. These were used to food quantify the association between variables (see our Statistics in Science module). Today, statistical methods are critical for paper, quantifying the nature of relationships examined in sample outline, many comparative studies. The outcome of comparative research is often presented in one of the following ways: as a probability, as a statement of statistical significance, or as a declaration of texas risk. For example, in 2007 Kristensen and Bjerkedal showed that there is a statistically significant relationship (at the 95% confidence level) between birth order and IQ by comparing test scores of first-born children to those of their younger siblings (Kristensen & Bjerkedal, 2007). And numerous studies have contributed to the determination that the risk of developing lung cancer is 30 times greater in smokers than in nonsmokers (NCI, 1997). Scientists may opt for comparative research where it would be unethical to conduct an experiment. Comparison in practice: The case of essays the woman's movement cigarettes. In 1919, Dr. George Dock, chairman of the Department of Medicine at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, asked all of the third- and fourth-year medical students at the teaching hospital to observe an term autopsy of critical a man with a disease so rare, he claimed, that most of the texas paper students would likely never see another case of it in their careers. With the medical students gathered around, the physicians conducting the autopsy observed that the patient's lungs were speckled with large dark masses of cells that had caused extensive damage to the lung tissue and had forced the airways to persuasive food close and collapse. Dr. Term? Alton Ochsner, one of the persuasive food students who observed the texas term autopsy, would write years later that "I did not see another case until 1936, seventeen years later, when in a period of six months, I saw nine patients with cancer of the lung. Physics Specification? – All the afflicted patients were men who smoked heavily and had smoked since World War I" (Meyer, 1992). Figure 4: Image from a stereoptic card showing a woman smoking a cigarette circa 1900. The American physician Dr. Term Paper? Isaac Adler was, in fact, the first scientist to propose a link between cigarette smoking and sample, lung cancer in 1912, based on his observation that lung cancer patients often reported that they were smokers. Adler's observations, however, were anecdotal, and texas, provided no scientific evidence toward demonstrating a relationship. The German epidemiologist Franz MГјller is ee cummings critical essays credited with the first case-control study of smoking and lung cancer in the 1930s. MГјller sent a survey to the relatives of individuals who had died of cancer, and asked them about the smoking habits of the deceased. Based on the responses he received, MГјller reported a higher incidence of lung cancer among heavy smokers compared to paper light smokers. However, the study had a number of problems. First, it relied on over the woman's, the memory of relatives of deceased individuals rather than first-hand observations, and second, no statistical association was made. Soon after this, the texas term paper tobacco industry began to sponsor research with the biased goal of repudiating negative health claims against cigarettes (see our Scientific Institutions and Societies module for more information on sponsored research). Beginning in the 1950s, several well-controlled comparative studies were initiated. In 1950, Ernest Wynder and Evarts Graham published a retrospective study comparing the smoking habits of 605 hospital patients with lung cancer to 780 hospital patients with other diseases (Wynder & Graham, 1950). Essay On Report Writing? Their study showed that 1.3% of lung cancer patients were nonsmokers while 14.6% of texas paper patients with other diseases were nonsmokers. Essay Food Obesity? In addition, 51.2% of lung cancer patients were "excessive" smokers while only 19.1% of other patients were excessive smokers. Both of these comparisons proved to texas term be statistically significant differences. The statisticians who analyzed the data concluded: when the nonsmokers and the total of the high smoking classes of patients with lung cancer are compared with patients who have other diseases, we can reject the null hypothesis that smoking has no effect on the induction of cancer of the lungs. Wynder and Graham also suggested that there might be a lag of over movement ten years or more between the period of smoking in texas, an individual and the onset of clinical symptoms of essays cancer. This would present a major challenge to researchers since any study that investigated the relationship between smoking and texas, lung cancer in a prospective fashion would have to last many years. Richard Doll and Austin Hill published a similar comparative study in 1950 in physics coursework, which they showed that there was a statistically higher incidence of smoking among lung cancer patients compared to patients with other diseases (Doll & Hill, 1950). In their discussion, Doll and Hill raise an interesting point regarding comparative research methods by saying, This is not necessarily to state that smoking causes carcinoma of the lung. The association would occur if carcinoma of the lung caused people to smoke or if both attributes were end-effects of a common cause. They go on to assert that because the habit of smoking was seen to develop before the onset of texas term lung cancer, the argument that lung cancer leads to smoking can be rejected. They therefore conclude, "that smoking is residency statements medicine a factor, and an important factor, in the production of carcinoma of the texas paper lung." Despite this substantial evidence, both the tobacco industry and unbiased scientists raised objections, claiming that the retrospective research on persuasive food, smoking was "limited, inconclusive, and term paper, controversial." The industry stated that the studies published did not demonstrate cause and effect, but rather a spurious association between two variables. Dr. Wilhelm Hueper of the National Cancer Institute, a scientist with a long history of research into occupational causes of cancers, argued that the emphasis on cigarettes as the only cause of lung cancer would compromise research support for other causes of lung cancer. Ronald Fisher, a renowned statistician, also was opposed to the conclusions of Doll and others, purportedly because they promoted a "puritanical" view of smoking. The tobacco industry mounted an sample paper extensive campaign of misinformation, sponsoring and then citing research that showed that smoking did not cause "cardiac pain" as a distraction from the studies that were being published regarding cigarettes and term, lung cancer. The industry also highlighted studies that showed that individuals who quit smoking suffered from mild depression, and they pointed to sample term paper the fact that even some doctors themselves smoked cigarettes as evidence that cigarettes were not harmful (Figure 5). Figure 5: Cigarette advertisement circa 1946. While the scientific research began to impact health officials and term paper, some legislators, the industry's ad campaign was effective. The US Federal Trade Commission banned tobacco companies from making health claims about their products in 1955. However, more significant regulation was averted. An editorial that appeared in sample term, the New York Times in term paper, 1963 summed up the national sentiment when it stated that the tobacco industry made a "valid point," and on report writing, the public should refrain from making a decision regarding cigarettes until further reports were issued by the US Surgeon General. In 1951, Doll and Hill enrolled 40,000 British physicians in a prospective comparative study to texas examine the association between smoking and suffrage, the development of lung cancer. In contrast to the retrospective studies that followed patients with lung cancer back in time, the prospective study was designed to follow the group forward in time. In 1952, Drs. E. Cuyler Hammond and Daniel Horn enrolled 187,783 white males in the United States in a similar prospective study. And in 1959, the American Cancer Society (ACS) began the first of two large-scale prospective studies of the association between smoking and the development of lung cancer. The first ACS study, named Cancer Prevention Study I, enrolled more than 1 million individuals and tracked their health, smoking and texas term, other lifestyle habits, development of diseases, cause of death, and life expectancy for almost 13 years (Garfinkel, 1985). All of the studies demonstrated that smokers are at a higher risk of statements developing and texas term paper, dying from lung cancer than nonsmokers. The ACS study further showed that smokers have elevated rates of other pulmonary diseases, coronary artery disease, stroke, and term outline, cardiovascular problems. The two ACS Cancer Prevention Studies would eventually show that 52% of deaths among smokers enrolled in the studies were attributed to cigarettes. In the second half of the 20 th century, evidence from other scientific research methods would contribute multiple lines of evidence to term the conclusion that cigarette smoke is a major cause of lung cancer: Descriptive studies of the pathology of lungs of deceased smokers would demonstrate that smoking causes significant physiological damage to the lungs. Obesity? Experiments that exposed mice, rats, and other laboratory animals to cigarette smoke showed that it caused cancer in these animals (see our Experimentation in Science module for more information). Texas Paper? Physiological models would help demonstrate the mechanism by which cigarette smoke causes cancer. As evidence linking cigarette smoke to lung cancer and other diseases accumulated, the public, the legal community, and regulators slowly responded. Residency Personal Statements Internal Medicine? In 1957, the US Surgeon General first acknowledged an association between smoking and lung cancer when a report was issued stating, "It is clear that there is an increasing and consistent body of evidence that excessive cigarette smoking is one of the causative factors in lung cancer." In 1965, over objections by the tobacco industry and the American Medical Association, which had just accepted a $10 million grant from the tobacco companies, the US Congress passed the Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, which required that cigarette packs carry the warning: "Caution: Cigarette Smoking May Be Hazardous to Your Health." In 1967, the US Surgeon General issued a second report stating that cigarette smoking is the term principal cause of lung cancer in the United States. While the tobacco companies found legal means to protect themselves for persuasive, decades following this, in 1996, Brown and Williamson Tobacco Company was ordered to pay $750,000 in a tobacco liability lawsuit; it became the first liability award paid to an individual by a tobacco company. _________ research looks at past events, while _________ research looks at events from the present into the future. Comparative studies are used in a host of scientific disciplines, from anthropology to archaeology, comparative biology, epidemiology, psychology, and even forensic science. DNA fingerprinting, a technique used to incriminate or exonerate a suspect using biological evidence, is paper based on comparative science. In DNA fingerprinting, segments of residency personal statements internal DNA are isolated from a suspect and from biological evidence such as blood, semen, or other tissue left at texas term, a crime scene. Up to 20 different segments of DNA are compared between that of the suspect and the DNA found at the crime scene. If all of the outline segments match, the investigator can calculate the statistical probability that the texas paper DNA came from the suspect as opposed to sample someone else. Texas Paper? Thus DNA matches are described in terms of a "1 in 1 million" or "1 in 1 billion" chance of error. Comparative methods are also commonly used in studies involving humans due to the ethical limits of essays suffrage movement experimental treatment. Texas Term Paper? For example, in 2007, Petter Kristensen and Tor Bjerkedal published a study in residency personal internal medicine, which they compared the IQ of over 250,000 male Norwegians in the military (Kristensen & Bjerkedal, 2007). The researchers found a significant relationship between birth order and IQ, where the average IQ of first-born male children was approximately three points higher than the average IQ of the second-born male in the same family. The researchers further showed that this relationship was correlated with social rather than biological factors, as second-born males who grew up in families in which the first-born child died had average IQs similar to other first-born children. One might imagine a scenario in which this type of study could be carried out experimentally, for example, purposefully removing first-born male children from certain families, but the ethics of such an experiment preclude it from texas term paper ever being conducted. Limitations of comparative methods. One of the primary limitations of term outline comparative methods is the control of other variables that might influence a study. For example, as pointed out by texas term Doll and term paper outline, Hill in 1950, the association between smoking and texas term paper, cancer deaths could have meant that: a) smoking caused lung cancer, b) lung cancer caused individuals to take up smoking, or c) a third unknown variable caused lung cancer AND caused individuals to smoke (Doll & Hill, 1950). As a result, comparative researchers often go to writing great lengths to choose two different study groups that are similar in almost all respects except for the treatment in question. In fact, many comparative studies in humans are carried out on identical twins for this exact reason. For example, in the field of texas paper tobacco research, dozens of comparative twin studies have been used to examine everything from the persuasive fast health effects of cigarette smoke to the genetic basis of addiction. What is the benefit of comparing identical twins in research studies? Despite the texas term lessons learned during the debate that ensued over ee cummings, the possible effects of cigarette smoke, misconceptions still surround comparative science. Texas Paper? For example, in the late 1950s, Charles Keeling, an oceanographer at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography, began to publish data he had gathered from a long-term descriptive study of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels at the Mauna Loa observatory in Hawaii (Keeling, 1958). Keeling observed that atmospheric CO 2 levels were increasing at a rapid rate (Figure 6). He and other researchers began to physics suspect that rising CO 2 levels were associated with increasing global mean temperatures, and paper, several comparative studies have since correlated rising CO 2 levels with rising global temperature (Keeling, 1970). Together with research from edexcel physics coursework modeling studies (see our Modeling in Scientific Research module), this research has provided evidence for texas term, an association between global climate change and the burning of fossil fuels (which emits CO 2 ). Yet in a move reminiscent of the fight launched by the tobacco companies, the oil and essays over, fossil fuel industry launched a major public relations campaign against climate change research. As late as 1989, scientists funded by the oil industry were producing reports that called the research on climate change "noisy junk science" (Roberts, 1989). As with the tobacco issue, challenges to early comparative studies tried to paint the method as less reliable than experimental methods. But the challenges actually strengthened the science by prompting more researchers to launch investigations, thus providing multiple lines of evidence supporting an association between atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and climate change. As a result, the culmination of multiple lines of scientific evidence prompted the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change organized by the United Nations to issue a report stating that "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal," and "Carbon dioxide is the texas term paper most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas (IPCC, 2007)." Comparative studies are a critical part of the spectrum of persuasive food research methods currently used in science. They allow scientists to apply a treatment-control design in texas, settings that preclude experimentation, and they can provide invaluable information about the on report writing relationships between variables. The intense scrutiny that comparison has undergone in the public arena due to cases involving cigarettes and climate change has actually strengthened the method by texas term paper clarifying its role in science and emphasizing the reliability of data obtained from edexcel coursework these studies. Comparing and texas paper, contrasting is a critical research tool for making sense of the world. Through scenarios in which scientists would likely choose to do comparative research, this module explores the differences and similarities between comparison and fast obesity, experimentation. Studies of the link between cigarette smoking and health illustrate how comparison along with other research methods provided solid evidence that cigarette smoke is a major cause of lung cancer. Comparison is texas term paper used to determine and quantify relationships between two or more variables by essays suffrage observing different groups that either by choice or circumstance are exposed to different treatments. Comparison includes both retrospective studies that look at events that have already occurred, and prospective studies, that examine variables from the present forward. Comparative research is similar to experimentation in that it involves comparing a treatment group to a control, but it differs in that the treatment is observed rather than being consciously imposed due to ethical concerns, or because it is paper not possible, such as in a retrospective study. Borio, G. (2003). The twentieth century 1950–1999: The battle is joined . Retrieved August 1, 2007, from the Tobacco Timeline, tobacco.org. Dremann, S. (2007). Got a light? Palo Alto Weekly, March 14, 2007. Doll, R. (1999). Tobacco: A medical history. Ee Cummings Essays? Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 76 (3), 289-313. Doll, R., & Hill, A. B. (1950). Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Texas Term Paper? British Medical Journal, 2 (4682), 739-748. Enersen, O.D. (2007). Edward Tyson . Over The Woman's Movement? Retrieved August 1, 2007, from Who Named It. Forest, C., Webster, M., & Reilly, J. (2004). Narrowing uncertainty in global climate change. The Industrial Physicist, AugSept, 7/23/04, 22-25. Garfinkel, L. (1985). Selection, follow-up, and analysis in the American Cancer Society prospective studies . Paper? NCI Monograph No. 67, 49-52. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute. IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007). Working Group I report: The physical science basis . United Nations Environment Program, Geneva, http://www.ipcc.ch/ Keeling, C. (1958) The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in rural areas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 13 (4), 322-334 Keeling, C. (1970). Is carbon dioxide from fossil fuel changing man's environment? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 114 (1), 10-17. Kristensen, P., & Bjerkedal, T. (2007). Explaining the relation between birth order and intelligence. Essay Fast Obesity? Science, 316 (5832), 1717. Texas? Kundi, M. (2006). Causality and essays over the woman's movement, the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114 (7), 969-974. Maisel, A. Q. (1950). Don't smoke - unless you like it. Term? Collier's, November 4, 1950, 18. Meyer, J. A. (1992). Cigarette century. American Heritage Magazine, 43 (8). NCI - National Cancer Institute (1997). Essay Writing? Changes in cigarette-related disease risks and their implications for prevention and control. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monographs, National Institutes of Health. Newman, C. Texas Paper? (1975). Edward Tyson. British Medical Journal 4, 96-97. Roberts, L. Statements Internal Medicine? (1989). Global warming: Blaming the sun. Science 246 (4933), 992-93. Texas Paper? Russell, K. F. (1967). Edward Tyson's Orang-Outang. Medical History, 11 (4), 417-423. Ee Cummings Critical? Salsburg, D. (2001). The lady tasting tea: How statistics revolutionized science in the twentieth century. New York: W. H. Freeman & Company. Witschi, H. (2001). Term? A short history of lung cancer. Toxicological Sciences 4 (1), 4-6. Term? Wynder, E. L., & Graham, E. A. (1950). Tobacco smoking as a possible etiological factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma. Journal of the American Medical Association 143 (4), 329-338. Anthony Carpi, Ph.D., Anne E. Egger, Ph.D. “Comparison in Scientific Research” Visionlearning Vol. POS-1 (5), 2008. For ad-free content and access to our Classroom, Sign In or Register for Free. Our content on-the-go. Download our new app for iPad and iPhone today!

Questions about applying for an IDRF? Attend an informational webinar 10/6 at 12:00 PM EDT. International Dissertation Research Fellowship (IDRF) International Dissertation Research Fellowship (IDRF) Open for applications, next deadline is November 7 th 2017. Apply Now. The Mellon International Dissertation Research Fellowship (IDRF) offers nine to twelve months of support to graduate students in the humanities and humanistic social sciences who are enrolled in PhD programs in the United States and conducting dissertation research on non-US topics. Sixty-eight fellowships are awarded annually. Fellowship amounts vary depending on the research plan, with a per-fellowship average of $21,000. Texas Paper. The fellowship includes participation in an SSRC-funded interdisciplinary workshop upon the completion of IDRF-funded research. The program is open to graduate students in essays the woman's, the humanities and humanistic social sciences—regardless of citizenship—enrolled in PhD programs in term paper, the United States. Applicants to the 2018 IDRF competition must complete all PhD requirements except on-site research by the time the specification, fellowship begins or by December 2018, whichever comes first. The program invites proposals for dissertation research conducted, in whole or in part, outside the United States, on non-US topics. It will consider applications for dissertation research grounded in a single site, informed by broader cross-regional and interdisciplinary perspectives, as well as applications for multi-sited, comparative, and transregional research. Proposals that identify the United States as a case for comparative inquiry are welcome; however, proposals that focus predominantly or exclusively on the United States are not eligible. Applicants from select disciplines within the texas term paper, humanities (Art History, Architectural History, Classics, Drama/Theater, Film Studies, Literature, Musicology, Performance Studies, Philosophy, Political Theory, and fast food obesity Religion) may request three or more months of funding for international on-site dissertation research in texas, combination with site-specific research in the United States, for a total of nine to writing, twelve months of funding. Texas. All other applicants (for instance, those in Anthropology, Geography, History, Political Science, and essays Sociology, among others) must request nine to twelve months of on-site, site-specific dissertation research with a minimum of six months of research outside of the United States. Research within the United States must be site-specific (e.g., at a particular archive) and cannot be at term paper, the applicant’s home institution unless that institution has necessary site-specific research holdings. Please note that the IDRF program supports research only and may not be used for dissertation write-up. Applicants who have completed significant funded dissertation research in one country by the start of their proposed IDRF research may be ineligible to residency internal, apply to the IDRF to extend research time in the same country. Eligibility will be at the discretion of the IDRF program, depending on completed research time and funding. The IDRF program expects fellows to remain at paper, their research site(s) for the full nine- to twelve-month funding period. The IDRF program will not support study at foreign universities, conference participation, or dissertation write-up. The program does not accept applications from PhD programs in law, business, medicine, nursing, or journalism, nor does it accept applications in essays, doctoral programs that do not lead to a PhD. For more information on the 2018 IDRF competition, please refer to paper, our Frequently Asked Questions . The IDRF competition promotes a range of approaches and over the woman's movement research designs beyond single-site or single-country research, including comparative work at the national and texas term paper regional levels and explicit comparison of cases across time frames. The program is open to proposals informed by a range of methodologies in the humanities and humanistic social sciences, including research in archives and manuscript collections, fieldwork and surveys, and quantitative data collection. Applicants are expected to write in clear, intelligible prose for a selection committee that is multidisciplinary and cross-regional. Personal. Proposals should display a thorough knowledge of the major concepts, theories, and texas term paper methods in the applicant's discipline and in other related fields, as well as a bibliography relevant to the research. Applicants should specify why an over the woman's suffrage extended period of on-site research is critical for successful completion of the proposed doctoral dissertation. The research design of texas term paper proposals should be realistic in scope, clearly formulated, and persuasive responsive to theoretical and methodological concerns. Applicants should provide evidence of having attained an texas term appropriate level of training to undertake the critical, proposed research, including evidence of a degree of texas term paper language fluency sufficient to complete the project. Over. For more information on the 2018 IDRF competition, please refer to our Frequently Asked Questions . The International Dissertation Research Fellowship (2018) is accepting applications. Texas Term Paper. Deadline: November 7, 2017. The International Dissertation Research Fellowship program announces its 2017 cohort of 70 fellows, whose research spans the essay food, breadth of the social sciences and humanities, as well as virtually every region of the world. The International Dissertation Research Fellowship Program interviewed IDRF fellow Tariq Thachil about his research, fieldwork, and fellowship experience as part of its 20th anniversary interview series. The International Dissertation Research Fellowship (IDRF) program is now accepting applications for term paper, its 2017 competition (due November 1), which supports scholars in the humanities and pursuing research that advances knowledge about non-US cultures and societies. Social Science Research Council. 300 Cadman Plaza West • 15th Floor • Brooklyn , NY 11201 • USA.