Homework a

Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong suggests that climate change "has serious security implications" (Hussain & Goh, 2007; Bahrawi, 2007). The main contention is that global warming causes scarcity of homework a, resources, not just in Singapore but for all countries in the world. This competition for scarce resources and composition phd thesis possible displacement of peoples across borders can potentially "deepen tensions, and provoke conflicts and wars" (Bahrawi, 2007). This is particularly a concern in Singapore, a small island state. At around 700 square kilometers in size, Singapore has little amounts of natural resources, and depends on food and water imports for homework a, survival. While technological alternatives have been developed to cope with the limited freshwater resources, the country currently still depends on purchasing water for part of smoking, its consumption needs. In other words, amiable relationships with neighboring countries is an important condition to homework a, ensure continued supply of freshwater, at least until Singapore attains self sufficiency in its water resources through technological means. Problem Resolution! Conflict with any country that exports food and other resources to Singapore is homework a also undesirable for conflict, the same reasons. The National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS) website outlines several vulnerabilities that Singapore will likely face as a result of global warming: • loss of land area and flooding. • water resource impacts. • higher energy demand and a heat stress. • public health dangers from resurgence of diseases. • impacts on phd thesis island and marine biodiversity (NCCS, 2007). NCCS identifies three primary causes of these impacts: rising air temperatures, sea-level rise, and increased frequency and a severity of storms. Although global warming can affect people in many other ways, these three causes will be explored in detail next. Back to main menu. To understand the impacts of climate change on Singapore, let us first examine Singapore's climate. Singapore is located near latitude 1.5°N and longitude 104°E. Due to its geographical location and proximity to the sea, the country generally experiences uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity, and high rainfall. There are two main seasons – the northeast monsoon and conflict the southwest monsoon – separated by two shorter inter-monsoon periods (Meteorological Services Singapore, 2007). The northeast monsoon season, which extends from early December to early March, is characterized by predominantly northeasterly winds, sometimes reaching 20 km/h. Wind speeds can reach 30 to 40 km/h in the months of January and February. It is homework often cloudy in December and January with frequent afternoon showers. Spells of widespread moderate to heavy rain can last from essay smoking, one to homework, three days. Conflict Resolution! It is relatively drier in February through early March (see Figure 2). Temperatures are generally cooler during this period than the rest of the year as heavy rainfall and relatively stronger northerly winds are frequent (Meteorological Services Singapore, 2007). The inter-monsoon period from late March to homework a, May is characterized by light and variable winds with afternoon and early evening showers. From June to be illegal, September, the homework southwest monsoon season brings southeasterly and southwesterly winds. Precipitation is isolated to scattered in late morning, and early afternoon showers are common. Conflict Resolution! Early morning "Sumatra" line squalls are also common during this period (Meteorological Services Singapore, 2007). The pre-northeast monsoon period from October to November is a characterized by light and write an exemplification variable winds. Sea breezes are common in a the afternoon and be illegal scattered showers with thunder in the late afternoon and early evening are typical (Meteorological Services Singapore, 2007). In effect, Singapore's climate can be roughly divided into two situations: the cool, wet northeast monsoon season and the warmer, drier rest of the year with occasional afternoon showers. Figure 2: Climagraph of Singapore based on data from 1872 to 1988. (Source: Chow & Roth, 2006, p. 2245) A preliminary time series analysis of the data collected at the Changi Meteorological Station shows an approximate one degree Centigrade increase trend over the last 27 years (see Figure 3). This corroborates the general warming trend proposed by Easterling, et al. (1997) and IPCC (2007) for the Southeast Asian region. Note that solid black line shows the linear trend for the entire period. Figure 3: Moving average monthly temperature recorded at Changi Meteorological Station, Singapore between 1981 to 2008. Compiled from (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration n.d.) Back to main menu. Singapore is an island state with a low average elevation above sea level. In a simulation of a sea-level rise of 5 meters, the following diagram was produced using a topographic map of Singapore. Coastline for a 3 meter sea-level rise around 6000 years ago with a 2 meter high tide simulated by digitizing the 5 meter contour line on a topographic map. Figure 4: Simulated coastline for 6000 years ago with unusually high tide. (Source: Chang, 2008) The loss of coastal land to flooding will be imminent if the sea level were to rise to 5 meters. However, the projections based on AR4 show a modest 40 centimeter for this century for Asia. It seems there is little to worry about for now. However, during the last 10,000 years, Singapore experienced a rise in homework sea level no less than 100 meters in magnitude. Based on studies by Bird et al. (2006) and Hesp et al. Essay Smoking! (1998), we are certain that sea level even peaked around 3 meters above present levels some 6,000 years ago (Figure 4). At the end of the last ice age around 10,000 years ago, sea level rose all over homework the world. From Figure 4 we can see that sea level rose 15 meters between 8,000 years and 6,500 years before present in Singapore. This translates into an average rate of 0.1 meter or 10 centimeters per web service 100 years for that period. The AR4 projection of homework a, 40 centimeter by the end of this century has exceeded the rate during that period by 300%. For the simulated coastline in the Figure 4 above, a 3 meter sea-level rise (based on what happened around 6000 years ago) was used. In addition, an assumption of engineering essay, a 2 meter spring tide level (when there is an unusually high tide) was made. Homework! Together, the chemistry phd thesis coastal flooding experienced is close to 5 meters. If current trends of warming are to continue (whether due to the earth's own climatic variability or due to human induced global warming), the sea level scenario reconstructed for 6,000 years ago might happen in the next few hundred years. The Singapore government has announced that a Dutch water research and consulting organization, Delft Hydraulics, has been consulted on how Singapore can construct dykes to combat rising sea levels. Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew suggests that sea-level rise is a serious issue and that Singapore must be prepared for the worst. The consequences of ignoring the homework small increases in sea level in this century could bring us back to being "an insignificant island" (Hussain, 2007). However, coastal protection measures like building dykes might be useful for the 40 centimeter increase by the end of 2100 as projected by IPCC AR4. What about future sea level rises beyond 2100? Back to main menu. Singapore has uneventful weather. For most parts of the year, it is hot and humid. Web Service Phd Thesis! In afternoons, a heavy downpour often comes and goes within half an hour. Still, global warming will certainly change aspects of this "seemingly boring" pattern of weather. Singapore is situated in the doldrums, a belt of convergence of the trade winds with relatively little horizontal motion of air. The vertical motion of air is, however, a different story. The intense heat from the homework sun and computer engineering the convergence of the trade winds cause air to homework a, move vertically up into the atmosphere. This creates conditions favorable for thunderstorms. Global warming will increase temperatures, increase rates of evaporation and intensify this upward movement of phd thesis animal nutrition, air. Homework A! This upward movement is also called the phd thesis animal rising limb of the homework Hadley cell. Essentially, we should expect more afternoon thunderstorms if the Hadley circulation is enhanced. Computer Engineering! There is also a linkage to El Niño events. As the Hadley circulation is intensified, the trade winds are also strengthened. Cruz et al. (2007) reports that extreme weather events associated with El Niño were reported to be more frequent and homework a intense in the past 20 years in Southeast Asia. Would the increased storm activity trigger more Typhoon Vamei incidences? Recent studies by Fan & Li (2005) indicate that the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones originating in the Pacific have increased over the last few decades. However one has to be cautious as a review of computer engineering, climate research by Pielke et al. A! (2005) showed that while there were considerably fewer large tropical cyclones in the 1970s, 1980s and chemistry 1990s, in comparison with the a 2000s, the period during the 1940s and 50s experienced quite a large number of tropical cyclones as well. Engineering Application! Indeed, researchers such as Webster et al.(2005) and Elsner & Kocher (2000) did not find increases in tropical cyclone frequency in the past few decades. Homework! In fact, Landsea (2005) suggests that "it is difficult to separate out any anthropogenic signal from the substantial natural multi-decadal oscillations with a relatively short record of tropical-cyclone activity" (Landsea, 2005, p. E12). In other words, we cannot be sure if there will be more tropical cyclones due to engineering, human induced global warming. In addition, Cruz et al. (2007) suggests that there has been a decline in rainy days throughout Southeast Asia in the early 2000s. Amidst the contradictory reports, what comes across clearly is the increase in uncertainty in storm events. The NCCS states that: "Singapore is aware of its vulnerability to climate change. To be better prepared for these possible climate change impacts, the Government is commissioning studies to better understand the detailed impacts of homework a, climate change on computer engineering essay Singapore, which will facilitate the planning of adaptation measures. Homework! Government agencies will work together to establish national systems to actively monitor and problem solving resolution manage these vulnerabilities, and where necessary, take precautionary measures." The NCCS was set up as part of the Singapore Green Plan 2012 to tackle climate change issues. The following section will describe some of the policy implications at the international and local level in the face of climate change. Back to main menu. Adaptation and mitigation efforts. Although Singapore ratified the Kyoto protocol, there is an antecedent presence of environmental education and action in Singapore, largely motivated by a governmental and non-governmental organizations alike. The Singapore Green Plan (SGP) was presented at the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. This green plan, which has been revised as the nutrition Singapore Green Plan 2012 (MEWR, 2006), is Singapore's 10-year blueprint towards environmental sustainability. More than 17,000 individuals participated in the review through various platforms. It has raised key environmental issues like climate change and formulated a robust plan able to homework a, address emerging environmental challenges. In particular, the SGP 2012 (2006 edition) covers six focus areas: Air and Climate Change, Water, Waste Management, Nature, Public Health and International Environmental Relations. In the chemistry past, the homework SGP did not focus on the issues of climate change. Understandably, the small island state was more preoccupied with brown issues - those related to write an exemplification, pollution - in the earlier versions of the SGP. The specific targets of SGP 2012 in relation to a, global warming are to reduce the ambient particulate matter 2.5 level to within an average of 15 micrograms per cubic meter by 2014 and to reduce carbon intensity (i.e. carbon dioxide emission per GDP dollar) by 25% from 1990 level by 2012 (MEWR, 2006). The action plans include raising public awareness on how to write energy efficiency and climate change and making it mandatory for all air-conditioners and refrigerators to carry energy efficiency labels from mid-2007. Action plans to achieve a 25% reduction in carbon dioxide emission per GDP dollar can be seen as a critical step towards understanding global warming and a its implications for phd thesis animal, a small island state like Singapore. Homework! The concern is how this action plan will be deployed and how the plan will be evaluated continually in light of the development in the global warming discussion in the international scientific arena. The implementation of SGP 2012 presents ramifications to small businesses and raises the issue of equity. While large corporations and MNCs can respond to cost changes due to the implementation of cleaner technologies and how to write hence achieve lower emissions, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) usually lack the financial and homework human resources for implementing cleaner technologies. This inequality in phd thesis access to resources is an important aspect for consideration in responding to a, global warming. SMEs often require the phd thesis nutrition support and coordinating effort by the state sector to respond effectively and scale back the homework a level of carbon emissions to those agreed upon in essay smoking should be illegal the Kyoto Protocol. Few of these SMEs can support research and technology programs or afford the services of energy consultants. Back to main menu. While Singapore's government has taken a first step to bring about some change in the way resources are being used, there are tensions that need to a, be resolved concerning the responses that all sectors will have to contribute. Small businesses that run many of the an exemplification retail and wholesale distribution businesses are disadvantaged in the case of the policy to charge road-users for driving on specific roads in Singapore at different times of the day. This means that the people who use these toll roads will have to pay each time they use their vehicles along the homework roads or stretches of particular roads during varying peak periods of the day. People who are not so well off economically also use these roads and will have to pay as much as those who can more easily afford the how to write an exemplification essay tolls. Many of the SMEs in homework a industry or manufacturing will face pressures from policies that the state will rely on to scale back levels of carbon emissions. These pressures are likely to be two-fold. One dimension of these pressures will be the need to comply with state standards. Engineering Essay! The source of pressure is likely to be clients like MNCs or large local firms who seek to a, maintain cost competitiveness in spite of the new measures and resources that SMEs would have to deploy to meet the standards that are imposed on the larger businesses as well. This has been apparent in the implementation of other international agreements like the Montreal Protocol. The Singapore government may have appeared to concentrate on education activities at phd thesis, this time. As early as 1972, a first concerted international effort to promote environmental education emerged at the United Nations Conference on Human Environment at homework, Stockholm. Recommendation 96 of the Stockholm conference called for the establishment of an international program in environmental education as one of the most critical elements to address the world's environmental crisis. By 1975, the International Environmental Education workshop at should be illegal, Belgrade established an Environmental Education Charter which provided the homework global framework, goals, objectives and chemistry phd thesis strategies for a, environmental education. The goal of environmental education was to "develop a world population that is essay smoking aware of, and concerned about, the environment and its associated problems, and which has the knowledge, skills, attitudes, motivations and commitment to work individually and collectively towards solutions of current problems and the prevention of new ones". In addition, the a International Charter on Geographical Education published by the Commission on Geographical Education of the International Geographical Union in phd thesis animal 1992 (International Geographic Union, 1992) calls for geographic education to ensure that individuals become aware of the impact of their own behavior and that of their societies, have access to accurate information and skills to enable them to make environmentally sound decisions, and to develop an environmental ethic to guide their actions. In particular, the fourth guiding principle of the Belgrade charter states that environmental education should emphasize active participation in preventing and solving environmental problems. In Singapore, environmental education is homework infused through the how to an exemplification curriculum to attain three main aims: knowledge related to environmental issues, attitudes to develop a greater sense of personal responsibility and concern for the environment, and changes in behavior to include care and concern for the environment. While the National Environment Agency (NEA), a branch of MEWR has begun to homework a, build up a network of environmental champions among students to computer engineering essay, reach out to their peers and NGOs like the Singapore Environment Council, as well as work with schools on programs such as Schools' Green Audit Awards (SEC, 2006), the approach is still largely informal. Back to main menu. The information provided in this case study describes very briefly how Singapore is likely to be affected by climate change, and how that country is moving forward with efforts at climate change adaptation and mitigation. If you are using this module in collaboration with a class in a different country, your instructor will provide you with a link to an activity in homework which you and your international collaborators will explore the computer engineering application essay following question: How do we reconcile concrete environmental action plans by the government targeted at global warming and the lack of formalized environmental education in Singapore?

Writing Better University Essays/Referencing. By referencing the homework, sources you use in your essay, you do a number of things. First of an exemplification all, you comply with an academic convention. Secondly, you make your essay look more professional. In fact, it not only looks more professional, but its argument becomes more powerful. Thirdly, you allow others to check your sources. This is often only a hypothetical issue, but a look through the list of your references will allow others to judge your argument quickly. Fourthly, you acknowledge your sources and thus admit that like everyone else, you’re a dwarf on the shoulders of the giants. The essential bits of referencing require you to provide enough information to homework a, others so that they can identify the source. What exactly is meant by enough is open to computer engineering, debate, and this is also where conventions come in. Essential is that you do provide references. Homework. Ideally, you would do so properly. It’s not so difficult, and the sooner you get into the habit of referencing, the better. There are two forms to do the referencing: including them as footnotes, or use a variation of the Harvard system. Your institution may have a preference, or even a house style. In most cases, your markers will be happy with a consistent and appropriate system. Problem Solving Resolution. The Harvard system is also known as author/date, and will be described here in more detail. Within your essay, whenever you make a statement that is essentially based on somebody else’s work, you should attribute the a, source. You do this by stating the animal nutrition, author(s) and a the year of the publication you consulted. Computer Engineering Application Essay. Where the name of the author occurs naturally in the text, it does not need to be repeated. The references are usually included at the end of a sentence, or where inappropriate in a place where the homework, text flow is not interrupted too much, such as in front of a comma. This may be necessary, for example, if only the first half of your sentence is phd thesis animal, based on someone else’s work. Switzerland seems to be the ideal place for studying the effects of direct democracy, since no other country has gone as far in terms of implementing such means (Franklin, 2002). The name of the author is included in brackets, together with the year of a publication. Some styles put a comma between the two, others just a space: (Franklin 2002). Where there are two authors, both names are included: (McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994). Some styles prefer the word and , others prefer the ampersand (& symbol). Where there are more than two authors, the smoking be illegal, name of the first author is given, followed by et al. (which literally means and others ): (Almeder et al. , 2001). Some styles put et al. into italics, others don’t. If you have two or more references for the same argument, you should separate the references with a semicolon (; symbol): (McLanahan & Sandefur, 1994; Steinberg, 1999). If there are very many references to an argument, use your own judgement to select the most relevant ones. What should you reference? Basically references should be included to any argument made by someone else, including numbers you cite. However, statements of general nature need not be attributed to anyone. Homework A. A statement that the sky is blue alone does not require a reference. However, if you state that the sky is blue because of phd thesis a specific reason, then you should include a reference. If you use the homework, exact words of an author (quotation), you’ll need to give the number of the page where you copy from. This is needed so anyone can quickly check the original words, should he or she feel so. See the separate section on quotes. It’s not uncommon that you want to use the arguments of say Max Weber, even though you have not actually read this particular book. Strictly speaking, you should not reference Weber’s work for such a statement, because you have not actually read it. Can you really be sure this is what Weber said or meant? The technically correct trick is to add cited in after the reference: (Weber, 1918, cited in Hamilton, 2002). You should always reference the work you consulted, and this includes the year of publication. Many books are published in their second and third editions, so giving the correct year can be helpful. Similarly, even if a book is merely a reprint by a different publisher, give the smoking should be illegal, year of the edition you consulted. Homework. The page numbers may differ. Smoking Be Illegal. If it’s just a second print of the a, exact same book, use the original date. Some readers find this unsatisfactory, since Weber surely did not publish anything this year. The convention to circumvent this issue is to give both years: the computer engineering application essay, year of the original publication, together with the one of the work you consulted. Sometimes slashes are used between the dates (/ sign), others prefer the used of a square brackets ([ and ] sign): Burke (2004/1774) or Burke (2004 [1774]). Another small issue occurs where an author published more than one book or article in how to write an exemplification a single year, and you want to cite more than one of them. The trick here is to add letters from the alphabet after the year to homework, identify which of the works you refer to. Use the letter a for the first of your references, the computer application, letter b for the second and so on: (McManus, 1994a) and (McManus, 1994b) are two different works. To sum it up, inside the text, you give the family name of the homework a, author, followed by phd thesis the year of the publication. A. Always cite the smoking should be illegal, text you consulted, because in the end it’s your responsibility that the references are correct. At the end of your essay you should include a list of references. Such a list of references provides more details than just the name of the author and the year of publication. It’s this list that allows identifying the work cited. Each work you cited in a the essay is cited once, and listed in alphabetical order. Note that a bibliography and list of references is not technically the same. A bibliography is phd thesis nutrition, a list of relevant sources that may or may not be cited in the main text. References are the sources you cited, even if they are rather trivial. Use the heading references for your references. For books, you put the family name of the author(s) and their initials, followed by the year of publication in brackets, the title in a italics, the place of publication, and finally the name of the publisher. If there are editors, give their names instead of the authors’. An Exemplification Essay. If there is a subtitle to homework, the title, this is should be illegal, usually separated using colons (: sign). Where there are more than four authors, it’s common to use et al. after the first three, but some styles insist on citing all authors. Sometimes a book is co-published by homework a two publishers, and this can be indicated by using a slash (/ sign). Composition. Where you give the editors rather than the actual authors, you indicate this by a adding (eds) after their names, or (ed.) if there is only one. The title is capitalized. For example: Anderson, C. How To Write Essay. & Zelle, C. (eds) (1998) Stability and Change in German Elections: How Electorates Merge, Converge, or Collide , London, Praeger. Granovetter, M. (1974) Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers , Chicago, Chicago University Press. Grass, G. Homework. (1963) Katz und Maus , Neuwied am Rhein, Rowolth/Hermann Leuchterhand. Hall, S. (ed.) (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices , London, Sage. Essay Should. Halsey, A., Heath, A. & Ridge, J. (1980) Origins and a Destinations , Oxford, Clarendon Press. Chapters in web service phd thesis a book are cited separately, especially if the book is homework a, edited. You give the family name of the application, author and his or her initial, the year, the name of the chapter in single speech marks (†and ’ sign; not capitalized), followed by the word in homework , and the name and year of the editor(s). If you cite only computer engineering one chapter, you can give the whole reference at homework a the end; otherwise it’s enough to give the name and year of the editor. In this case, however, the book itself needs to be included in the list of references, too. For example: Allen, J. (1995) вЂGlobal worlds’ in Allen, J. & Massey, D. Phd Thesis. (eds) (1995). Hardin, R. A. (1990) вЂPublic choice versus democracy’ in Chapman, J. Smoking Should Be Illegal. & Wertheimer, A. (eds) (1990). Leroy, P. & Verhagen, K. (2003) вЂEnvironmental politics: Society’s capacity for a political response’ in Blowers, A. & Hinchliffe, S. (eds) (2003) Environmental Responses , Chichester, Wiley. An entry in a printed encyclopaedia or a dictionary can be cited if it was a chapter in a book. The editors are often given on the front of the reference book. For example: Jackman, R. Conflict. (2001) вЂSocial capital’ in Smelser, N. & Baltes, P. (eds) (2004). Journal articles are cited in a way that is homework, quite similar to essay, chapters in homework a book. The main difference really is phd thesis, that details about the volume and page numbers are included, too. The reference starts with the name and initial of the homework a, author, the conflict resolution, year in brackets, the title of the article in single speech marks (not capitalized), followed by homework a the name of the journal in italics (capitalized), and further details. The details of phd thesis journals are commonly abbreviated as follows: the volume number followed by a colon and homework a the page numbers of the article. If there are different numbers to engineering essay, a volume, this is indicated by including it in brackets before the colon, if known. Online journals may not have page numbers. A. For example: Burt, R. (1987) вЂSocial contagion and innovation: Cohesion versus structural equivalence’, American Journal of chemistry Sociology , 92:1287–335. Thoits, P. & Hewitt, L. (2001) вЂVolunteer work and well-being’, Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 42(2):115–31. Homework A. Small, C. (1999) вЂFinding an invisible history: A computer simulation experiment (in virtual Polynesia)’, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation , 2(3). Valente, T. (1996) вЂSocial network thresholds in computer application essay the diffusion of information’, Social Networks , 18(1):69–89. Pages on the internet should be cited where used. You should bear in mind the quality of the site before citing from it, but if you use a web site, reference it, too. A. There are many internet sites that are perfectly acceptable as sources for your essays. The reference includes the name of the author and initial, the year in brackets, the title of the document in animal nutrition italics, the word online in square brackets, the place of publication, the publisher, the words available from : followed by the URL, and the date when the document was accessed in brackets. The date is important, because unlike printed works, web sites often change their content or even disappear. Many web sites include a copyright note at the bottom, giving you an indication when the content was written. A. For example: Moser, P. (2005) Politik im Kanton ZГјrich—eine Synthese [online], ZГјrich, Statistisches Amt des Kantons ZГјrich, available from: http://web.archive.org/web/20051224111845/http://www.statistik.zh.ch/statistik.info/pdf/2005_15.pdf [accessed 27th October 2005]. Chan, T. Engineering. & Goldthorpe, J. (2004) Social Status and Newspaper Readership [online], Oxford, Oxford University, available from: http://users.ox.ac.uk/ sfos0006/papers/news4.pdf [accessed 31st March 2005]. Newspaper articles are very similar to journal articles in the way they are cited. The key difference is that rather than the homework a, volume, the date is given. The reference therefore includes the phd thesis, name and initial of the author, the year of publication in brackets, the homework a, title in single speech marks, the name of the newspaper in italics (capitalized), the date, and phd thesis nutrition finally the page where the article was found. A. For one page it’s customary to use the abbreviation p. , for articles running over two or more pages, the abbreviation pp. is common. Conflict Resolution. For example: Cockburn, P. & Usborne, D. (2004) вЂBurning with anger: Iraqis infuriated by new flag that was designed in London’, The Independent , 28th April, pp.2–3. Handouts from homework a, a lecture can be referenced and should be referenced if they are used as the basis of what you write. It’s normally a better idea not to use lecture notes, but try to find the original referred to animal, in the lecture. Not only homework will you have more control over what was actually said, but also can your readers more easily access books and journal article than lecture handouts. The reference to a lecture handout includes the name and initial of the lecturer, the year in bracket, the title of the handout in single speech marks, the words lecture notes distributed in composition followed by the name of the course in italics, the word at and the name of your institution, the place, and date of the lecture. For example: Burt, S. (2005) вЂSurvey sampling and administration’, lecture notes distributed in Survey Research Methods at Cambridge University, Cambridge, 9th February 2005. Personal conversations are not commonly considered good sources, but if they are what you use as the basis of your essay, you should include such conversations. It’s usually a good idea to have another reference to a, a printed piece, but sometimes this is not an option. In terms of giving the reference, personal conversations are very easy: the write, name of the person you spoke to, the year in brackets, the words conversation with the author and the date of the conversation. A. For example: Smith, E. (2004) conversation with the author 6th July 2004. The same format can also be used for personal e-mail, or instant messengers. Be Illegal. Once again, bear in mind the credibility of your sources. With e-mail messages it’s customary to a, include the e-mail address of the sender in brackets after the how to write an exemplification essay, name, but it’s essential that you obtain consent from the author. Homework A. The subject line of the e-mail is often included as the title. With all forms of phd thesis animal personal conversation, the issue of consent is homework a, important. It’s always a very good idea to check with the author first. There are sometimes cases that are not so straightforward as the average book or journal article. For everything there is a solution in the academic conventions. If you refer to musical works, television programmes, or pieces of art, check with your institution how this should be done. If everything else fails, remember the function of referencing, and provide a reasonable amount of information for others to phd thesis, chase the work. Common problems include the lack of homework authors, unpublished documents, or lack of publisher. Where there is no author, often there is an organization. Put the name of the organization. If there is no-one, it’s customary to put the word “Anon” instead of the author’s name. For example: IDEA (1998) Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers [online], Stockholm, International IDEA, available from: http://archive.idea.int/women/parl/toc.htm [accessed 28th February 2006]. UN Statistics Division (2006) Social Indicators [online], New York, UN Statistics Division, available from: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/inc-eco.htm [accessed 20th February 2006]. Sometimes the year of a document is not known. Where you have a rough idea, you can put a c before the date, such as in (c.1999). Where you just have no clue, there is no need to panic: simply put the word unknown instead of the year. Documents that are unpublished as such, for example a thesis or a draft article you were sent, should come with the indication that they are not published. This is computer essay, easily done by a including the word unpublished in brackets at how to the end of the reference. With articles sent to homework, you, you should always ask permission to cite; just like you would with an ordinary e-mail. For theses it’s common to write an exemplification, include the kind of thesis after the title, such as PhD thesis or MA thesis . Homework A. Where the name or place of the publisher is unknown a very simple solution is used: leave the information blank. This is particularly an issue with internet sites. Including the URL is in this case much more helpful than trying to guess the name of the publisher. Course materials provided to you are treated very similar to essay should be illegal, the lecture handouts. Give the homework a, name of the author, the year in brackets, the course code if there is one, the course title in italics (capitalized), the kind of material and its title in single speech marks, place of publication, and publisher. Composition. For example: Peake, S. (2003) U216 Environment , Video 4 вЂShanghai Boom’, Milton Keynes, The Open University. The Open University (2004) DD305 Personal Lives and Social Policy , CD-ROM 2 вЂInterviews and Interviewing’, Milton Keynes, The Open University. The capitalization of titles may seem a bit confusing, but it follows a simple logic: it’s the main title that is capitalized. In the case of a book, the main title is homework a, that of the book. In the case of journal articles, on phd thesis, the other hand, the homework a, main title is thought to be that of the journal itself. It might be confusing that within the journal, the title of an article often is capitalized. Capitalization is not very hard to achieve. Put in capital letters are all nouns, proper names, the first word, verbs, and phd thesis adjectives. This is in fact almost everything. Not put in capital letters are words like and , in , or , or with . Unfortunately most word processors don’t capitalize properly when told to, and put every single word in capital letters, including the ands and withins that should not come with capital letters. Different publishers have different house styles, and you might come across a title with a word you would normally spell differently. This is common with British and American variants, but there are other words, too, such as post-modernity . No matter how strongly you might disagree with the spelling, you should always use the original spelling in the references. It’s perfectly fine to change them in a your essay itself, but not in the references. A good manual of style, such as the Oxford Style Manual (Ritter, 2003) will be able to application essay, give you further guidance. Many course providers have their own preferences or house styles, and it’s advisable to follow these conventions. Where there are no house styles, using a system such as the one outlined in homework a this guide in a consistent manner will be well received. You’ll find full references to every work mentioned in this book at the end. It’s difficult to write about referencing without mentioning plagiarism. Plagiarism describes the act or result where you take the words or ideas of somebody else and present them as your own. Plagiarism is considered serious academic misconduct and can be punished severely. Most importantly, however, your reputation is on the line. The origin of the word plagiarism gives you an how to essay, idea what others will think of you when you plagiarize. The word goes back to the Latin plagiДЃrius , a thief and kidnapper—in particular a child snatcher and somebody abducting slaves. The modern use in academia brands you a literary thief (OED, 2005). There are a number of reasons why plagiarism occurs. A. The worst case is nutrition, deliberate plagiarism (for whatever reason). Careless work may lead to plagiarism, but is not commonly considered as severe an offence as the homework a, deliberate case. Careless work is often a sign of students working too closely to the original, and this can be easily remedied. Without changing your habit, simply by including references to where you got the ideas from, and chemistry phd thesis putting speech marks where you quote, you technically are done. In practice, you still might rely too much on the original and not deliver as good an essay as you could. Deliberate plagiarism, often motivated by homework laziness, can’t be remedied directly. Engineering Essay. At the time, it may seem a reasonable risk to copy from the internet, but is homework, it really worth it? Bear in mind that there is something in for you, too—that is something in addition to the grades. Computer Essay. The more you write, the easier it gets. If you work too closely to the original, there is a simple solution: don’t write the essay with the books in front of you. Homework A. By so doing, there is very little danger that you copy word by word. In a way, you force yourself to make the material your own: and that is a good thing—it makes a better argument, your essay will be more original, and not least, you’ll also get better grades. Rather than having the original works in front of you, try using your notes. As you still will need to put those references for the ideas you take from web service composition, others, make a note whenever you do so. I use brackets with three X inside, to remind myself that I need to put a proper reference. Often I remember very well who said this, so I include, for example, (Granovetter XXX) inside the text. When checking the essay, it’s hard not to notice the triple X; and homework there is always the search facility in problem conflict resolution the word processor. By putting a place holder, I can get on with the job of writing without interrupting my thoughts. Equally important, I leave some traces indicating to homework a, myself that there is some more work to be done: finding the web service, proper reference, for example. If you think plagiarism is homework a, hard to detect by your marker, think again. Nutrition. There are a great number of signs that give plagiarized work away. A. Technology-wise, your markers are likely to have the same possibilities than you have if not more. If you can copy and paste something you found on the internet, it’s equally easy for your marker to find it on engineering application essay, a search engine, again. It would, of course, be possible, to change plagiarized work to the extent that the deed is no longer easy to homework, spot. Usually, however, this is just as much work as writing the essay yourself. Just to give you an how to essay, idea, the homework a, markers of phd thesis nutrition your essay will not only have access to the same search engines than you have. There is software to scan essays for homework duplicates; and many institutes even have access to essay banks (sites on the internet where complete essays are sold). The most successful tool, however, is probably the human brain with its incredible ability to remember. Problem Solving Conflict Resolution. If you copy from a colleague, chances are that your marker has read this one, too. If you copy from a set reading, chances are that your marker has read this one, too. Knowing what is on the reading list helps spot essays that refer to other works a great deal, or don’t refer to some of the core reading. Your marker can estimate how many readings you had time to read, or whether you’re likely to have read a great number of papers on the Belgian perspective of whatever issues is set in the question. Homework. An even easier sign is having the same paragraph twice in the same essay, for example. There are more subtle signs, too, such as sudden changes in style or formatting. Web Service. Many people are unaware of how idiosyncratic one’s writing style is. Homework A. They are in fact so individual that writing styles can be used to write an exemplification, determine how many people wrote a document, such as the Christian Bible (Jakoblich, 2001). Writing style includes the tenses we use, the level of formality, our own choice of words, the homework, kinds of web service metaphors we put, whether we use American or British English, choices over punctuation, the homework a, length of sentences, or the use of specialist terms. Typographic signs include font size, choices of where to break paragraphs, spaces in between lines, and things like proper m- and n-dashes (when copying from electronic articles). The presence or lack of references is often an easy sign: for example, where there are many references inside the text, but few at the end, or where the citation style changes within a single essay. A marker may get suspicious where there is computer, suddenly a section with many references, or suddenly none. Sometimes, students even include hyperlinks in references when copying from electronic journals; and have them automatically underlined by the word processor. Even where you take care of these issues, a paragraph copied from the internet will very unlikely link well with the rest of your essay. The style may be inappropriate, or just different. Essays from an essay bank may be internally consistent, but very rarely are they really relevant to a, the exact question you have been set. In summary, you can avoid plagiarism easily. This is phd thesis animal, done by writing freely without having the books right in front of homework a you. Instead, work with your notes, and chemistry take care to put references where you use the homework a, ideas from others. Don’t use the internet to copy from, no matter how tempting it is. It will hardly ever be worth it. There is an important difference between citations and quotations. Unfortunately, confusion is how to write, commonplace; and the terms are frequently used incorrectly. Knowing your citations from your quotations is useful when writing essays. It’s essential, in fact, if you want to reference properly. Citations are about homework a, ideas you take from others. Web Service. Quotations are about the exact words used by others. Homework. This is really the whole distinction. So, when using your own words, you cite; when you use the words of someone else, you quote. “Why can’t a man be more like a woman?” (Blankenhorn, 1995, p.117) is a quotation, because I use the exact same words Blankenhorn did. However, when stating that families in the US are increasingly defined by the absence of a father (Blankenhorn, 1995), I only use the idea, not the exact words. When putting a reference, the difference between a citation and a quotation is that for a quotation we always put a page number. This is done to enable the smoking should, reader to check the words in the original context. In the list of references at the end of the text, there is no difference. Short quotations are included in the text, and enclosed by speech marks. Longer quotations are set apart from the main text by indenting the homework a, quotations, and usually putting in chemistry phd thesis a slightly smaller font. A. Longer means about 3 to 4 lines or more. Phd Thesis Animal. For example: It is true that many voters may be voting for a reasons wholly unconnected with social inequalities in any of the three dimensions. They may attach greater importance to engineering application essay, some specific issue such as foreign affairs, or they may vote out of personal reasons or habits with which egalitarianism has nothing to do. (Runciman, 1966, p.136) When quoting someone else, you should take great care to copy the words exactly. Sometimes, you might want to change a quote slightly in order to make it fit your essay. If these changes are substantial, you should use your own words and cite the work instead. If the changes are small, use square brackets to homework, indicate that you have changed the text. For example, you might quote Rawls (1999, p.87) that intelligent people don’t “[deserve their] greater natural capacity”. I have included the words that I changed in phd thesis square brackets, leaving the a, rest the same. This indicates to essay smoking should be illegal, my readers that the homework a, words in square brackets are not the exact same as Rawls used. For reference, the original reads: “No one deserves his greater natural capacity” (p.87). I made the changes, because I wrote about intelligent people, and Rawls was talking in more general terms. Whilst quotations can lighten up an essay, you should not rely on how to write an exemplification essay, them too much. Your own writing is much more important, and homework often text you quote was written for a different purpose. The consequence is that the quotations may be relevant in content (what is web service composition phd thesis, being said), but in terms of style don’t fit well with what you wrote. If you rely too much on quotations, you run the risk that your readers will think that you maybe don’t really know what you’re writing about: that you have not understood the material well enough. When writing an essay, particularly when writing an extended essay, it’s easiest to put the references whilst you write. This is the case, because you still know where you got the idea from. I keep a place holder to homework, remind myself that a reference is needed if I can’t remember the author right away. Essay Be Illegal. Often, I will know at least some of it, and write this down. By putting a place holder rather than chasing the a, reference right away, I can stay focused on the writing. However, I also indicate that the essay is application essay, not completed. Place holders like (Baudrillard, XXX) or (XXX last week’s reading) will help me find the full references once I completed the essay or section. References are needed whenever you write an academic piece of writing. A. Even where you can get away without referencing, by including references your essay will be taken more serious. It’s a good habit to computer essay, put references all the time, so when you really need to—such as in your thesis—you’ll not struggle, or spend days trying to a, find out how to reference a chapter in a book. There are a number of software packages such as Endnote , Refworks , Scholar’s Aid Lite , or Bibus that help you putting references. These computer applications interact with your word processor, and automate much of the referencing process. They manage citations, and usually let you search libraries and journal databases. Useful and flexible as they are, such software packages need some time to get used to. It’s thus a good idea to familiarize yourself with their working before the deadline is menacing. For example, make sure you know how to put page numbers for quotations. Even if you don’t use a dedicated computer program to manage your references, it might be useful to collect references in a separate file. So, after completing your essay, copy all the references to a separate file. The next time you cite the same paper, it’ll be a simple case of copying and pasting, without the work of formatting the reference. Keeping the full references with your notes can safe a great deal of time, too.